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Author SHA1 Message Date
Shruti Agarwal
e75cca61b4 Merge 2e6303c1f9 into 88e5be6e4b 2025-02-06 17:56:03 +08:00
Julien Le Coupanec
88e5be6e4b Merge pull request #391 from Philip-Walsh/master 
fix spelling and whitespace in cheatsheets
 2024-08-24 23:07:02 +02:00
Philip-Walsh
2f9037b24e fix spelling and whitespace in cheatsheets 2024-08-22 12:02:10 +01:00
shrutiag14
2e6303c1f9 Create C++.txt 2021-05-04 10:31:56 +05:30
9 changed files with 583 additions and 98 deletions
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70
languages/C#.txt
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@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
1. Data Types
Primitive Size Example
String 2 bytes/char s = "reference";
bool b = true;
char 2 bytes ch = 'a';
@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
decimal 16 bytes val = 70.0M;
2. Arrays
2.1 Declaration
//Initiliazed using a list defined with curly braces
int[] nameArray = {100, 101, 102};
//Define an empty array
int[] nameArray = new int[3]; // 3 rows and 2 columns
//To access a specific item in the array
int[] nameArray = new int[10];
int firstNumber = nameArray[0];
nameArray[1] = 20;
//Multidimensional arrays
int [,] matrix = new int [2,2]
matrix[0,0] = 1;
@@ -40,26 +40,26 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
int[,] predefinedMatrix = new int[2,2] { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };
2.2 Array Operations
//Sort ascending
Array.Sort(nameArray);
//Sort begins at element 6 and sorts 20 elements
Array.Sort(nameArray,6,20);
//Use 1 array as a key & sort 2 arrays
string[] values = {"Juan", "Victor", "Elena"};
string[] keys = {"Jimenez", "Martin", "Ortiz"};
Array.Sort(keys, values);
//Clear elements in array (array, first element, # elements)
Array.Clear(nameArray, 0, nameArray.Length);
//Copy elements from one array to another
Array.Copy(scr, target, numOfElements);
3. String Operations
//To concatenate between strings, use the plus operator:
string firstName = "Erin";
string lastName = "Roger";
@@ -68,27 +68,27 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
//To add one string to another, use the += operator:
string secondLastName = "Green";
string fullName += secondLastName;
//ToString function
//It converts an object to its string representation so that it is suitable for display
Object.ToString();
//String formatting
//Each additional argument to the function can be referred to in the string using the brackets operator with the index number.
String.Format(String format, Object arg0);
format - A composite format string that includes one or more format items
format - A composite format string that includes one or more format items
arg0 - The first or only object to format
//Substring
//Returns a part of the string, beginning from the index specified as the argument. Substring also accepts a maximum length for the substring
String.Substring(beginAt);
String.Substring(beginAt, maximum);
//Replace
string newStr = oldStr.Replace("old","new");
//IndexOf
//Finds the first ocurrence of a string in a larger string
//Finds the first occurrence of a string in a larger string
//Returns -1 if the string is not found
String.IndexOf(val, start, num)
val - string to search for
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
String.Split(Char[]);
//ToCharArray
//Places selected characteres in a string in a char array
//Places selected characters in a string in a char array
String str = "AaBbCcDd";
//create array of 8 vowels
var chars = str.ToCharArray();
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
DateTime nextYear = DateTime.AddYears(1);
6. TimeSpan
6.1 TimeSpan Constructor
TimpeSpan(hour, minute, sec)
TimeSpan(hour, minute, sec)
TimeSpan timeS = new TimeSpan(10, 14, 50);
TimeSpan timeS_Hours = TimeSpan.FromDays(3640);
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
Format item syntax: {index[,alignment][:format string]}
index - Specifies element in list of values to which format is applied
aligment - Indicates minimun width (in characters) to display value
format string - Contains the code which specififes the format of the displayed value
alignment - Indicates minimum width (in characters) to display value
format string - Contains the code which specifies the format of the displayed value
7.1 Numeric
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
csc -define:DEBUG -optimize -out:File2.exe *.cs -> Compiles all the C# files in the current directory with optimizations enabled and defines the DEBUG symbol. The output is File2.exe
csc -target:library -out:File2.dll -warn:0 -nologo -debug *.cs -> Compiles all the C# files in the current directory producing a debug version of File2.dll. No logo and no warnings are displayed
csc -target:library -out:Something.xyz *.cs -> Compiles all the C# files in the current directory to Something.xyz (a DLL)
8.1 Compiler Options Listed
Option Purpose
@@ -260,21 +260,21 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
10. Loop
10.1 While
while (condition) {body}
10.2 Do while
do {body} while condition;
10.3 For
for (initializer; termination condition; iteration;) {
//statements
}
10.4 For each
foreach (type identifier in collection) {
//statements
}
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
[access modifier] className (parameters) [:initializer]
initializer -base calls constructor in base class.
this calls constuctor within class.
this calls constructor within class.
public class nameClass : Initializer {
public className(dataType param1 , dataType param2, ...) : base(param1, param2)
@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
abstract – must be implemented by subclass
Passing parameters:
1. By default, parametres are passed by value
2. Passing by reference: ref, in and out modifers
1. By default, parameters are passed by value
2. Passing by reference: ref, in and out modifiers
To pass a parameter by reference with the intent of changing the value, use the ref, or out keyword. To pass by reference with the intent of avoiding copying but not changing the value, use the in modifier
@@ -331,9 +331,9 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
12. Struct
12.1 Defining a structure
[attribute][modifier] struct name [:interfaces] { struct-body }
12.2 Class vs Structure
-> Classes are reference types and structs are value types
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
//To declare an event inside a class, first a delegate type for the event must be declared.
public delegate string MyDelegate(string str);
//The event itself is declared by using the event keyword
event MyDelegate MyEvent;

485
languages/C++.txt Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
#DATA TYPES
1)void - type with empty set of values.There is no structure assosciated with void except pointers.
std::nullptr_t is a special pointer that is not itself a pointer type.
2) int - stores an integer value .
4 bytes C++ standard since C11. (for 16-bit OS its 2 bytes)
Hence,int value ranges from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
3) float - stores an decimal value.
4 bytes .
4) char - stores a single character value(ASCII values)
1 byte.(0 to 255)
5) bool - stores a boolean value.(true or false)
1 byte.
stores a value 0 or 1 indicating tue or false.
# MODIFIERS
C++ has modifiers for extending the limits of the basic data types for some advanced calculation.There are 2 types of Modifiers:-
1)Signedness
# signed - by default,target will have signed representation ,which means a variable can take negative values.
# unsigned - target data type will be unsigned means only positive(absolute) values will be taken by that type.
2) Size
# short - Target data type will have a width of atleast 2 bytes.The data type is optimized for lower bounds using less space.
# long - Target data type will have a width of atleast 4 bytes.
# long long - Target data type will have a width of at least 8 bytes.
Character Types
1) signed char
2) unsigned char
3) char
4) wchar_t
Float Types
1) float
2) double
3) long double
# DATA STRUCTURES
1) ARRAYS
to declare an array of any type : data_type name_of_array[size of array];
array cannot be re-intialized with the number of elements.
2) LINKED LIST
a linked list in cpp is built-in in the form of vectors
to declare an vector(linked list) in cpp : vector<data_type> name;
you have to include vector library. #include<vector>
3) STACK
to make a stack in cpp : stack<data_type> name;
you have to include stack library .#include<stack>
4) QUEUE
to make a queue in cpp : queue<data_type> name;
you have to include queue library .#include<queue>
cout<<"Anything"<<variables<<endl;
* This prints text on console (Console OUTput).
cin>>x;
* This inputs data from user and stores in specified variables.
cin.getline(variable,characters in it)
* This is specially used for white sapced (Spaces) input.
* Declare a variable named x
DataType Description
int x; // Integer var named x
char x; // Character var stores one alphabet,numerics,special symbol and is one byte.
string x; // Characterd back to back
bool x; // Boolean value (1 or 0)(true or false)
float x; // Real values (decimal numbers)
*
#KEYWORDS (reserved words ,have special functionality).There are 97 keywords in C++ as of C20 standard.
1) alignas -specifies the alignment requirement of a type or an object.
2) alignof -queries alignment requirements of a type.
3) and -logical and operator.(alternative to &&)
4) and_eq -bitwise and operator .(alternative to &= ,x&=y or x=x&y)
5) asm -embed assembly code within C++ program.
6) atomic_cancel -
7) atomic_commit -
8) atomic_noexcept
9) auto -automatic intializer or return type evaluated.
10) bitand -alternative for bitwise and. (&)
11) bitor -alternative for bitwise or. (|)
12) bool -data type,capable of holding either true or false.
13) break -terminating statement for, loops and switch statements.
14) case -transfer control to one of the several statements depending on the value of conditions.
15) catch -used in exception handling.
16) char -data type character.
17) char8_t -character data type 1 byte.(UTF-8 bit character)
18) char16_t -character data type 2 bytes.(UTF-16 bit character)
19) char32_t -character data type 4 bytes.(UTF-32 bit character)
20) class -declaration of user-defined data types.
21) compl -compliment operator.(alternative to ~)
22) concept -named set of requirements.
23) const -defines that the type is constant.
24) consteval -specifies that a function is an immediate function.
25) constexpr -specifies that the value of a variable or function can appear in constant expression.
26) constinit -asserts that a variable has static intialization.
27) const_cast -converts between types with different cv-qualification.
28) continue -causes the remaining body of loops to be skipped.
29) co_await -suspend operation until resumed.
30) co_return -complete execution returning a value.
31) co_yield -suspend execution returning a value.
32) decltype -inspects the declared type of an entity or the type and value category of an expression.
33) default -transfer control to one of the several statements,explicitly defaultedfunction definition.
34) delete -destroy previously allocated objects,ill-formed functions.
35) do -do-while loop.(executes a statement repeatedly,until condition is false)
36) double -double precision floating point.
37) dynamic_cast -safely converts pointers and references to classes along the inheritance hierarchy.
38) else -if the bool value of if() is false then this block gets executed.
39) enum -enumeration is a distinct type whose value is restricted to a range of values.
40) explicit -specifies that a constructor or conversion function cannot be used for implicit conversions and copy initialization.
41) export -exports all namespace-scope declaration.
42) extern -applies the language specification for external linkages of function names,types and variables.
43) false -a boolean literal indicating condition is not satisfied.
44) float -data type declaration for floating point numbers.
45) for -intializes counter once and iterates over and over again incrementing the counter each time ,till the condition is met.Range based for loop executes over a range.
46) friend -a friend declaration appears in a class body to grants a function or another class access to private and protected members.
47) goto -transfers control unconditionally.
48) if -if the condition yields true then the block of code gets executed.
49) inline -declares a function to be inline function .
50) int -basic integer data type.
51) long -target type will have a width of atleast 4 bytes.
52) mutable -permits modification of class members even if they are declared const.
53) namespace -provide a method for preventing name conflicts in large projects.
54) new -creates and initializes objects with dynamic storage duration.
55) noexcept -performs a compile time check that returns true if an expression is declared not to throw exceptions.
56) not -alternative operator for !
57) not_eq -alternative operator for !=
58) null_ptr -denotes a pointer literal.
59) operator -customizes C++ operators for operands of user-defined data type
60) or -alternative to | operator.
61) or_eq -alternative to |= operator.
62) private -member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members.
63) protected -member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members and inherited members of base class.
64) public - member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members to any subsequent class.
65) reflexpr -
66) register -automatic storage duration.
67) reinterpret_cast -converts between types by reinterpreting the underlying bit pattern.
68) requires -used to introduce a requires-clause, which specifies constraints on template arguments or on a function declaration.
69) return -terminates the current function and gives back a specified value to the caller.
70) short -target type will be optimized for space and will have a width of 2 bytes atleast.
71) signed -target will have a signed representation.
72) sizeof -used when actual size of object must be known.
73) static -specified variables will have static storage duration.
74) static_asset -performs compile-time assertion check.
75) static_cast -converts between types using a combination of implicit and user-defined conversions.
76) struct -class with public member accessibility by default.
77) switch -transfer control to one of the several statements,depending on the value of condition.
78) synchronized -
79) template -template is an entity of family of either classes,functions or variables.
80) this -a prvalue expression whose value is the address of the implicit object parameter.
81) thread_local -thread storage duration.
82) throw -signals and erroneous conditions and executes an error handler.
83) true -a boolean literal indicating condition is satisfied.
84) try -associates one or more exception handlers with a compound statement.
85) typedef -creates an alias that can be used anywhere in place of a type name.
86) typeid -used where the dynamic type or polymorphic object must be known and for static type identification.
87) typename -similar word for class.
88) union -a special class type that can hold only one of its non-static data members at a time.
89) unsigned -target type will have a unsigned representation.
90) using -introduces a name that is defines elsewhere into the declarative region .
91) virtual -virtual functions or classes are defined using the virtual keyword.
92) void -type with empty set of values.
93) volatile -defines that the type is volatile.
94) wchar_t -type for wide character representation.
95) while -executes statements repeatedly untill the condition becomes false.
96) xor -alternative operator for ^
97) xor_eq -alternative operatir for ^=
#HEADER FILES
#include<files>
*This makes the compiler aware that other files are required for the complete working of this source code.
List of Header files and their respective functions in C++
1) <cstdlib> General purpose library.
Function name use cases return type Parameters
malloc allocates memory void* 1(number of bytes)
calloc allocates and zeroes memory void* 2(no.of obj,size of each obj)
realloc expands or shrinks previously allocated memory void* 2(pointer to mem area allocated,new size of array)
free deallocates previously allocated memory void 1(pointer to memory to deallocate)
atof converts a byte string to floating point value double 1(string)
atoll converts a byte string to integer value int/long/long long 1(string)
strtoull converts a byte string to unsigned integer long/long long 3(str ,str_end ,base)
strtold convert a byte string to a float point value float/double/lonng double 2(str ,str_end)
rand generate pseudo-random numbers int 0
srand seeds pseudo-random number generation void 1(seed)
qsort sorts range of element with unspecified type. void 4(ptr ,count ,size ,comp)
bsearch searches an array for an element of unspecified type. void* 5(key ,ptr ,count ,size ,comp)
abs/llabs completes absolute value of an integer value. int/long/long long 1(int)
lldiv computes quotient and remainder of integer division obj 2(int,int)
abort abnormal program termination without cleaning up. void 0
exit normal program termination with cleaning up. void 1(exit_code)
mblen returns number of bytes in next multibyte characters. int 2(ptr ,int)
mbtowc converts a next multilayer character to wide characters. int 3(int , ptr , ptr)
wctomb converts a next multilayer character to wide characters. int 2(wide char , ptr)
2) <bitset> general utility library
operator& performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(and)
operator| performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(or) }obj 2(lhs ,rhs)
operator^ performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(xor)
operator>> performs stream output of bitsets
operator<< performs stream input of bitsets
3) <utility> general utility library
swap swaps the value of two objects. obj 2(a ,b)
exchange replaces the argument with a new value and returns its previous value. obj 2(obj , new_obj)
forward forwards a function argument. obj 1(obj)
move obtains an rvalue refrence. obj 1(obj)
std::get access an element of a pair. refernce (ptr) 1(obj)
operator<=> lexicographically compares the value in pair. boolean 2(lhs , rhs)
in_range checks if an integer value is in the range of a given integer type. boolean 1(obj)
cmp_equal
cmp_not_equal
cmp_less } compares two integer values without value change caused by conversion. boolean 2(u , t )
cmp_greater
cmp_less_equal
cmp_greater_equal
4) <functional> provudes standard hash functions
bind_front binds a variable number of arguments,in order,to a function object. obj 2(obj , args)
bind binds one or more arguments to a function object. obj 2(obj , args)
ref/cref creates a std::reference_wrapper with a type deduced from its argument. obj 1(ptr to obj)
invoke invokes any callable object with given arguments. obj 2(obj , args)
5) <ctime> C-style time/date utility.
clock returns raw processor clock time since the program started. int (time) 0
time returns the current time of the system since epoch. obj 1(ptr)
difftime computes the difference between times. int (time) 2(time_begin , time_end)
time_spec_get returns the calender time based on a given time base. int 2(ptr , base)
6) <chrono> C++ time/date utility
opeartors
+
-
* }implements arithmetic operations with durations as arguments. obj 4(lhs , rhs , d , s)
/
%
operators
==
<
> }compares two durations. obj 2(lhs , rhs )
<=
>=
<=>
duration cast converts a duration to another. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
floor converts a duration to another,rounding down. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
ceil converts a duration to another,rounding up. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
round converts a duration to another,rounding to nearest,ties to even. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
abs obtain the absolute value of the duration. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
7) <algorithm>
all_of
any_of } checks for any predicate is true for elements in a range. boolean 4(first ,last, policy ,predicate)
none_of
for_each applies a function to a range of elements obj 4(first ,last, policy ,obj)
for_each_n applies a function to a range of n elements in a sequence integer 4(first ,last, policy ,obj)
count }returns the number of elements satisfying a criteria. integer 4(first ,last, policy ,predicate)
count_if
mismatch finds first position where two ranges differ. obj 6(first1 ,last1 ,first2 ,last2 ,policy ,binary predicate)
find
find_if }finds first element which satisfies specific criteria. obj 6(first, last ,policy ,valur,unary predicate,binary predicate)
find_if
find_if_not
find_end finds the last sequence of elements in a range. obj 6(first ,last ,s_first ,s_last, ppolicy ,binary predicate)
find_first_of searches for any one of a set of elements.
adjacent_find finds first two adjacent items that are equal.
search searches for a range of elements.
search_n searches a range for a number of consecutive copies of an element
copy }copies a range of elements to a new location
copy_if
copy_n copies a range of elements to a new location.
copy_backward copies a range of elements in backward order.
move moves a range of elements to a new location.
move_backward moves a range of elements to a new location in backward location.
fill copy-assigns the given value to every element in a range.
fill_n copy-assigns the given value to N elements in a range.
transform applies a function to a range of elements, storing results in a destination range.
generate assigns the results of successive function calls to every element in a range .
generate_n assigns the results of successive function calls to N elements in a range.
remove }removes elements satisfying specific criteria.
remove_if
remove_copy }copies a range of elements omitting those that satisfy specific criteria.
remove_copy_if
replace }replaces all values satisfying specific criteria with another value.
replace_if
replace_copy }copies a range, replacing elements satisfying specific criteria with another value.
replace_copy_if
swap swaps the values of two objects.
swap_ranges swaps two ranges of elements.
iter_swap swaps the elements pointed to by two iterators.
reverse reverses the order of elements in a range.
reverse_copy creates a copy of a range that is reversed.
rotate rotates the order of elements in a range.
rotate_copy copies and rotate a range of elements.
shift_left }shifts elements in a range.
shift_right
shuffle }randomly re-orders elements in a range.
random_shuffle
sample selects n random elements from a sequence.
unique removes consecutive duplicate elements in a range.
unique_copy creates a copy of some range of elements that contains no consecutive duplicates.
is_partitioned determines if the range is partitioned by the given predicate.
partition divides a range of elements into two groups.
partition_copy copies a range dividing the elements into two groups.
stable_partition divides elements into two groups while preserving their relative order.
partition_point locates the partition point of a partitioned range.
is_sorted }checks whether a range is sorted into ascending order.
is_sorted_until
sort sorts a range into ascending order.
partial_sort sorts the first N elements of a range.
partial_sirt_copy copies and partially sorts a range of elements.
stable_sort sorts a range of elements while preserving order between equal elements.
nth_element partially sorts the given range, partitioned by the given element.
lower_bound returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given value.
upper_bound returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value.
binary_search determines if an element exists in a certain range.
equal_range returns range of elements matching a specific key.
merge merges two sorted ranges.
inplace_merge merges two ordered ranges in-place.
includes returns true if one sequence is a subsequence of another .
set_differences computes the difference between two sets.
set_interactions computes the intersection of two sets.
set_symmetric_difference computes the symmetric difference between two sets.
set_union computes the union of two sets.
is_heap checks if the given range is a max heap.
is_heap_until finds the largest subrange that is a max heap.
make_heap creates a max heap out of a range of elements.
push_heap adds an element to a max heap.
pop_heap removes the largest element from a max heap.
sort_heap turns a max heap into a range of elements sorted in ascending order.
max returns the greater of the given values.
max_element returns the largest element in a range.
min returns the smaller of the given values.
min_element returns the smallest element in a range.
minmax returns the smaller and larger of two elements.
minmax_element returns the smallest and the largest elements in a range.
clamp clamps a value between a pair of boundary values.
equal determines if two sets of elements are the same.
lexicographical_compare returns true if one range is lexicographically less than another.
lexicographical_compare_three_way compares two ranges using three-way comparison.
is_permutation determines if a sequence is a permutation of another sequence.
next_permutation generates the next greater lexicographic permutation of a range of elements.
prev_permutation generates the next smaller lexicographic permutation of a range of elements.
range::all of the above functions in algorithm
8) <cmath>
abs
fabs }absolute value of a floating point value.
fabsf
fabsl
fmod
fmodf }remainder of the floating point division operation.
fmodl
remainder
remainderf }signed remainder of the division operation.
remainderl
remquo
remquof }signed remainder as well as the three last bits of the division operation.
remquol
fma
fmaf }fused multiply-add operation.
fmal
fmax
fmaxf }larger of two floating point values.
fmaxl
fmin
fminf }smaller of two floating point values.
fminl
fdim
fdimf }positive difference of two floating point values.
fdiml
nan
nanf }not-a-number (NaN).
nanl
lerp linear interpolation function.
exp expf expl returns e raised to the given power.
exp2 exp2f exp2l returns 2 raised to the given power.
expm1 expm1f expm1l returns e raised to the given power, minus one.
log logf logl computes natural (base e) logarithm.
log10 log10f log10l computes common (base 10) logarithm.
log2 log2f log2l base 2 logarithm of the given number.
log1p log1pf log1pl natural logarithm (to base e) of 1 plus the given number.
pow powf powl raises a number to the given power.
sqrt sqrtf sqrtl computes square root.
cbrt cbrtf cbrtl computes cubic root.
hypot hypotf hypotl computes square root of the sum of the squares of two or three given numbers.
sin sinf sinl computes sine.
cos cosf cosl computes cosine.
tan tanf tanl computes tangent.
asin asinf asinl computes arc sine.
acos acosf acosl computes arc cosine.
atan atanf atanl computes arc tangent.
sinh sinhf sinhl computes hyperbolic sine.
cosh coshf coshl computes hyperbolic cosine.
tanh tanhf tanhl computes hyperbolic tangent.
asinh asinhf asinhl computes the inverse hyperbolic sine.
acosh acochf acoshl computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine.
atanh atanhf atanhl computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent.
erf erff erfl error function.
erfc erfcf erfcl complementary error function.
tgamma tgammaf tgammal gamma function.
lgamma lgammaf lgammal natural logarithm of the gamma function.
ceil ceilf ceill nearest integer not less than the given value.
floor floorf floorl nearest integer not greater than the given value.
trunc truncf truncl nearest integer not greater in magnitude than the given value.
round roundf roundl
lround lroundf lroundl } nearest integer, rounding away from zero in halfway cases..
llround llroundf llroundl
nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nearest integer using current rounding mode.
9) <complex>
operator+
operator- }applies unary operators to complex numbers.
opeartor* performs complex number arithmetics on two complex values or a complex and a scalar.
operator/
operator==
operator!= }compares two complex numbers or a complex and a scalar.
operator>>
opeartor<< }serializes and deserializes a complex number.
real returns the real component.
imag returns the imaginary component.
abs returns the magnitude of a complex number.
arg returns the phase angle.
norm returns the squared magnitude.
conj returns the complex conjugate.
proj returns the projection onto the Riemann sphere.
polar constructs a complex number from magnitude and phase angle.
exp complex base e exponential.
log complex natural logarithm with the branch cuts along the negative real axis.
log10 complex common logarithm with the branch cuts along the negative real axis.
pow complex power, one or both arguments may be a complex number.
sqrt complex square root in the range of the right half-plane.
sin cos tan computes sine, cosine and tangent respectively of a complex number.
asin acos atan computes arc sine, arc cosine and arc tangent respectively of a complex number.
sinh cosh tanh computes hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine and hyperbolic tangent respectively of a complex number.
asinh acosh atanh computes area hyperbolic sine, area hyperbolic cosine and area hyperbolic tangent respectively of a complex number.
operator""if
operator""i } A std::complex literal representing pure imaginary number.
operator""il

12
languages/C.txt
View File

@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ Preprocessor directives:
Create and execute a program
In Linux systems:
In Linux systems:
1. Open up a terminal
2. Create the program: nano nameProgram.c
3. Write the program and save it
4. gcc -o nameExecutable nameProgram.c
4. gcc -o nameExecutable nameProgram.c
32 Reserved words
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ Operators
( ) grouping parenthesis, function call
[ ] array indexing, also [ ][ ] etc.
-> selector, structure pointer
. select structure element
-> selector, structure pointer
. select structure element
! relational not, complement, ! a yields true or false
~ bitwise not, ones complement, ~ a
++ increment, pre or post to a variable
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Operators
Operator precedence
More precedence
LR ( ) [ ] -> . x++ x--
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Function definition
type function_name(int a, float b, const char * ch,...) { function_body }
/* only parameters passed by address can are modified*/
/* only parameters passed by address can are modified*/
/* in the calling function, local copy can be modified*/

2
languages/XML.md
View File

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ XML uses a DTD to describe the data.
So the XML is a **Complement** to HTML.
* HTML: is used to format and display the same data.
XML does not carry any information about how to be displayed. The same XML data can be used in many different presentation scenarios.
Because of this, with XML, there is a full separation between data and presentation.

28
languages/bash.sh
View File

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ CTRL+X then ( # start recording a keyboard macro
CTRL+X then ) # finish recording keyboard macro
CTRL+X then E # recall last recorded keyboard macro
CTRL+X then CTRL+E # invoke text editor (specified by $EDITOR) on current command line then execute resultes as shell commands
CTRL+A then D # logout from screen but don't kill it, if any command exist, it will continue
CTRL+A then D # logout from screen but don't kill it, if any command exist, it will continue
BACKSPACE # deletes one character backward
DELETE # deletes one character under cursor
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ cat <filename> # displays file raw content (will not be interpret
cat -n <filename> # shows number of lines
nl <file.sh> # shows number of lines in file
cat filename1 > filename2 # Copy filename1 to filename2
cat filename1 >> filename2 # merge two files texts together
cat filename1 >> filename2 # merge two files texts together
any_command > <filename> # '>' is used to perform redirections, it will set any_command's stdout to file instead of "real stdout" (generally /dev/stdout)
more <filename> # shows the first part of a file (move with space and type q to quit)
head <filename> # outputs the first lines of file (default: 10 lines)
@@ -203,14 +203,14 @@ echo $$ # prints process ID of the current shell
echo $! # prints process ID of the most recently invoked background job
echo $? # displays the exit status of the last command
read <varname> # reads a string from the input and assigns it to a variable
read -p "prompt" <varname> # same as above but outputs a prompt to ask user for value
read -p "prompt" <varname> # same as above but outputs a prompt to ask user for value
column -t <filename> # display info in pretty columns (often used with pipe)
let <varname> = <equation> # performs mathematical calculation using operators like +, -, *, /, %
export VARNAME=value # defines an environment variable (will be available in subprocesses)
export -f <funcname> # Exports function 'funcname'
export var1="var1 value" # Export and assign in the same statement
export <varname> # Copy Bash variable
declare -x <varname> # Copy Bash variable
export <varname> # Copy Bash variable
declare -x <varname> # Copy Bash variable
array[0]=valA # how to define an array
array[1]=valB
@@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ function returntrap {
trap returntrap RETURN # is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or source commands finishes executing
##############################################################################
# COLORS AND BACKGROUNDS
# COLORS AND BACKGROUNDS
##############################################################################
# note: \e or \x1B also work instead of \033
# note: \e or \x1B also work instead of \033
# Reset
Color_Off='\033[0m' # Text Reset
@@ -524,14 +524,14 @@ Cyan='\033[0;36m' # Cyan
White='\033[0;97m' # White
# Additional colors
LGrey='\033[0;37m' # Ligth Gray
LGrey='\033[0;37m' # Light Gray
DGrey='\033[0;90m' # Dark Gray
LRed='\033[0;91m' # Ligth Red
LGreen='\033[0;92m' # Ligth Green
LYellow='\033[0;93m'# Ligth Yellow
LBlue='\033[0;94m' # Ligth Blue
LRed='\033[0;91m' # Light Red
LGreen='\033[0;92m' # Light Green
LYellow='\033[0;93m'# Light Yellow
LBlue='\033[0;94m' # Light Blue
LPurple='\033[0;95m'# Light Purple
LCyan='\033[0;96m' # Ligth Cyan
LCyan='\033[0;96m' # Light Cyan
# Bold
@@ -566,6 +566,6 @@ On_White='\033[47m' # White
# Example of usage
echo -e "${Green}This is GREEN text${Color_Off} and normal text"
echo -e "${Red}${On_White}This is Red test on White background${Color_Off}"
echo -e "${Red}${On_White}This is Red test on White background${Color_Off}"
# option -e is mandatory, it enable interpretation of backslash escapes
printf "${Red} This is red \n"

14
languages/golang.md
View File

@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ d, t := doubleAndTriple(5)
_, t := doubleAndTriple(3)
// t = 9
// Functions can defer commands. Defered commands are
// runned in a stack order after the execution and
// Functions can defer commands. Deferred commands are
// ran in a stack order after the execution and
// returning of a function
var aux = 0
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ person3.Age // 0
## Maps
Maps are data structures that holds values assigneds to a key.
Maps are data structures that holds values assigned to a key.
```go
// Declaring a map
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ newYork // "EUA"
// Delete
delete(cities, "NY")
// Check if a key is setted
// Check if a key is set
value, ok := cities["NY"]
ok // false
value // ""
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ Go doesn't support `throw`, `try`, `catch` and other common error handling struc
```go
import "errors"
// Function that contain a logic that can cause a possible exception flow
// Function that contain a logic that can cause a possible exception flow
func firstLetter(text string) (string, error) {
if len(text) < 1 {
return nil, errors.New("Parameter text is empty")
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ func Sum(x, y int) int {
}
// main_test.go
import (
import (
"testing"
"reflect"
)
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ func main() {
blocking2: 0
blocking2: 1
blocking2: 2
done
done
*/
// Go routines are a function (either declared previously or anonymous) called with the keyword go

28
languages/java.md
View File

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ a \|= b; //a is the variable name; b is the variable name; this expression is an
}
```
**Example:**
```java
```java
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
@@ -254,10 +254,10 @@ for(dataType item : array) {
**Example:**
```java
int i=1;
do{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
int i=1;
do{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}while(i<=10);
```
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ for(dataType item : array) {
//Declare a variable, object name
String s;
//Invoke a contructor to create an object
//Invoke a constructor to create an object
s = new String ("Hello World");
//Invoke an instance method that operates on the object's value
@@ -361,13 +361,13 @@ class MyClass {
// four methods
public void setCadence(int newValue) {
cadence = newValue;
}
}
public void setGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}
}
public void applyBrake(int decrement) {
speed -= decrement;
}
}
public void speedUp(int increment) {
speed += increment;
}
@@ -531,13 +531,13 @@ class MyClass extends MySuperClass implements YourInterface {
```java
interface print{
void printPaper();
}
public class A4 implements print{
interface print{
void printPaper();
}
public class A4 implements print{
public void printPaper(){
System.out.println("A4 Page Printed. ");
}
}
}
```

14
languages/php.php
View File

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
<?php
// Exit the file, string inside get's echo'ed
die("This file is not ment to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
exit("This file is not ment to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
die("This file is not meant to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
exit("This file is not meant to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
/**
* Printing
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ var_dump($arr); // Print anything, with type hints for any value and sizes
$string = 'Awesome cheatsheets';
str_contains($string, 'cheat'); // Find if the string contains the specified string (PHP >= 8.0)
str_replace('Awesome', 'Bonjour', $string); // Replace all occurence
str_replace('Awesome', 'Bonjour', $string); // Replace all occurrence
strcmp($string, 'Awesome cheatsheets'); // Compare two strings
strpos($string, 'a', 0); // Get position in the string
str_split($string, 2); // Split the string
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ $argc; // Number of arguments passed into terminal
$myObject?->getName()?->startWith('A');
/**
* Class
* Class
* http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.basic.php
*/
class NormalClass extends AbstractClassName implements InterfaceName
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class NormalClass extends AbstractClassName implements InterfaceName
// --> PROPERTY TYPES <--
/**
* Public property, everyone can access this property.
* Public property, everyone can access this property.
* @var Type
*/
public $property;
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class NormalClass extends AbstractClassName implements InterfaceName
protected function protectedFunction(Type $var = null): Type
{
}
/**
* Static function, doesn't need an instance to be executed.
* @param Type
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ u Pattern is treated as UTF-8
\w Any "word" character (a-z 0-9 _)
\W Any non "word" character
\s Whitespace (space, tab CRLF)
\S Any non whitepsace character
\S Any non whitespace character
\d Digits (0-9)
\D Any non digit character
. (Period) - Any character except newline

28
languages/python.md
View File

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
- As of python3.8 there are 35 keywords
| Keyword | Description | Category |
|---------- | ---------- | --------- |
|---------- | ---------- | --------- |
| True | Boolean value for not False or 1 | Value Keyword|
| False | Boolean Value for not True or 0 | Value Keyword |
| None | No Value | Value keyword |
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
| else | this block will be executed if condition is false | conditional |
| for | used for looping | iteration |
| while | used for looping | iteration |
| break | get out of loop | iteration |
| break | get out of loop | iteration |
| continue | skip for specific condition | iteration |
| def | make user defined function | structure |
| class | make user defined classes | structure |
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@
| import | import libraries/modules/packages | import |
| from | import specific function/classes from modules/packages | import |
| try | this block will be tried to get executed | exception handling |
| except | is any exception/error has occured it'll be executed | exception handling |
| finally | It'll be executed no matter exception occurs or not | exception handling |
| except | is any exception/error has occurred it'll be executed | exception handling |
| finally | It'll be executed no matter exception occurs or not | exception handling |
| raise | throws any specific error/exception | exception handling |
| assert | throws an AssertionError if condition is false | exception handling |
| async | used to define asynchronous functions/co-routines | asynchronous programming |
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
- Lists are created using square brackets:
```python
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
```
- List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.
@@ -157,14 +157,14 @@ thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
- pop() function removes the last value in the given list by default.
```python
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist.pop()) # cherry
print(thislist.pop(0)) #apple
print(thislist.pop(0)) #apple
```
### Tuple
@@ -291,14 +291,14 @@ thisdict = {
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = car.pop("model")
print(x)# Mustang
print(car)#{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
```
### Conditional branching
@@ -378,5 +378,5 @@ function_name()
```
* We need not to specify the return type of the function.
* Functions by default return `None`
* Functions by default return `None`
* We can return any datatype.