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languages/python.py

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+"""
+Python3 Programming Language Cheatsheet
+"""
+
+# Basics: ###
+
+# Variables -- Python uses variables to define things that are subject to change.
+# Operators -- There are several type of operators available in Python. 
+#              Arithmetic operators:
+#              +        ----------> Addition Operator
+#              -        ----------> Subtraction Operator
+#              *        ----------> Multiplication Operator
+#              /        ----------> Division Operator
+#              %        ----------> Modulus Operator
+#              **        ----------> Exponent Operator
+#              //        ----------> Floor division Operator
+
+#              Comparision Operators:
+#              ==        ----------> Equals
+#              !=        ----------> Not equal to
+#              >        ----------> Greater than
+#              <        ----------> Less than
+#              >=        ----------> Greater than or equal to
+#              <=       ----------> Less than or equal to
+
+#              Assignment Operators:
+#              =        ----------> Assigns value
+#              +=        ----------> Shorthand for addition to itself
+#              -=        ----------> Shorthand for subtraction to itself
+#              *=        ----------> Shorthand for multiplication to itself
+#              /=        ----------> Shorthand for division to itself
+#              %=        ----------> Shorthand for modulus of itself
+#              **=        ----------> Shorthand for exponent of itself
+#              //=        ----------> Shorthand for floor division to itself
+
+#              Bitwise Operators:
+#              &        ----------> Binary AND
+#              |        ----------> Binary OR
+#              ^        ----------> Binary XOR
+#              ~        ----------> Binary NOT
+#              <<        ----------> Binary left shift
+#              >>        ----------> Binary Right Shift
+
+
+# Strings -- Strings in python are denoted by either '' or "". Some list operations are:
+# ex: a = "Manoj"
+# a[0]                 =>'M'
+# a[1]                 => 'a'
+# a[1:]                => Will print rest of characters from 1 to other
+# a[:3]                => Will print 0 to 2nd position
+# a[:]                 => Will print whole string
+# a[:-1]               => Grab everything but the last letter
+# a[::2]               => Grab everything but go in step sizes of 2
+# a[::-1]              => We can use this to print a string backwards
+
+##### Strings have a property named immutability. It means once a string is created, the elements within it cann't be changed or replaced.
+##### We can use multiplication symbol to create repetition. ex: letter = 'z', letter*10 will print 'zzzzzzzzzz'.
+##### Similarly there are many methods that are applicable on strings:
+# ex: a = 'Hello'
+# a.upper()            => converts string into upper case ==> 'HELLO'
+# a.lower()            => converts string into lower case ==> 'hello'
+# a.title()            => title case a string ==> 'Hello'
+# a.rstrip()           => Right trim white spaces
+# a.lstrip()           => Left trim white spaces
+# a.strip()            => completely trim the white spaces
+# a.split()            => split a string by blank spaces
+# a.split("value")     => split the string after some specific value
+# a.isalnum()          => True if string consists of only alphanum characters (No symbols).
+# a.isalpha()          => True if string consists of only alphabetic characters (No symbols).
+# a.islower()          => True if string's alphabetic characters are all lower case.
+# a.isnumeric()        => True if string consists of only numeric characters.
+# a.isspace()          => True if string consists of only whitespace characters.
+# a.istitle()          => True if string is in title case
+# a.isupper()          => True if string's alphabetic characters are all upper case.
+
+##### Some other useful string methods or functions that are available in python are:
+# .replace("first_string", "second_string") => first_string will be replaced by second_string
+# .startswith("") => search for a particular character in the starting of a string
+# .endswith("") => search for a particular character in the end of a string
+# .capitalize() => capitalize the first word of the string
+# .swapcase() => swap the case of caharacter in a string
+
+
+# Lists -- [a1, a2, "Some String", [b1, "some other string"]], This is an example of the list.
+# There are several List Operations like
+# a =