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9dcbc5da00
| Author | SHA1 | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|
 shrutiag14
|
9dcbc5da00 | ||
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shrutiag14
|
2e6303c1f9 |
@@ -1,29 +1,17 @@
|
||||
<div align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
[](https://lecoupa.github.io/awesome-cheatsheets/)
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://trendshift.io/repositories/5584" target="_blank">
|
||||
<img src="https://trendshift.io/api/badge/repositories/5584" alt="LeCoupa%2Fawesome-cheatsheets | Trendshift" width="250" height="55"/>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
[](https://awesome.re) [](https://github.com/LeCoupa/awesome-cheatsheets/blob/master/LICENSE)
|
||||
|
||||
**WEBSITE DIRECTORY**: [Available here](https://lecoupa.github.io/awesome-cheatsheets/)
|
||||
**WEBSITE DIRECTORY**: [Available here](https://lecoupa.github.io/awesome-cheatsheets/).
|
||||
|
||||
> 📚 Awesome cheatsheets for popular programming languages, frameworks and development tools. They include everything you should know in one single file.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 🤔 Why Awesome-Cheatsheets?
|
||||
|
||||
I usually make a cheat sheet when I want to improve my skills in a programming language, a framework or a development tool. [I started doing these kinds of things a long time ago on Gist](https://gist.github.com/LeCoupa). To better keep track of the history and to let people contribute, I re-organized all of them into this single repository. Most of the content is coming from official documentation and some books I have read.
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to take a look. You might learn new things. They have been designed to provide a quick way to assess your knowledge and to save you time.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 📚 Table of Contents
|
||||
|
||||
### 📃 Languages
|
||||
@@ -32,48 +20,46 @@ Feel free to take a look. You might learn new things. They have been designed to
|
||||
<summary>View cheatsheets</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Command line interface
|
||||
|
||||
- [Bash](languages/bash.sh)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Imperative
|
||||
|
||||
- [C](languages/C.txt)
|
||||
- [C#](languages/C%23.txt)
|
||||
- [Go](languages/golang.md)
|
||||
- [Java](languages/java.md)
|
||||
- [PHP](languages/php.php)
|
||||
- [Python](languages/python.md)
|
||||
- [XML](languages/XML.md)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functional
|
||||
|
||||
- [JavaScript](languages/javascript.js)
|
||||
- [Typescript](languages/typescript.md)
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 📦 Backend
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
<summary>View cheatsheets</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
#### PHP
|
||||
|
||||
- [Laravel](backend/laravel.php)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Python
|
||||
|
||||
- [Django](backend/django.py)
|
||||
|
||||
#### JavaScript
|
||||
#### Javascript
|
||||
|
||||
- [Adonis.js](backend/adonis.js)
|
||||
- [Express.js](backend/express.js)
|
||||
- [Feathers.js](backend/feathers.js)
|
||||
- [Moleculer](backend/moleculer.js)
|
||||
- [Node.js](backend/node.js)
|
||||
- [Sails.js](backend/sails.js)
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
### 🌐 Frontend
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -81,20 +67,19 @@ Feel free to take a look. You might learn new things. They have been designed to
|
||||
<summary>View cheatsheets</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Basics
|
||||
|
||||
- [HTML5](frontend/html5.html)
|
||||
- [CSS3](frontend/css3.css)
|
||||
- [Typescript](frontend/typescript.ts)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Frameworks
|
||||
|
||||
- [React.js](frontend/react.js)
|
||||
- [Vue.js](frontend/vue.js)
|
||||
- [Tailwind.css](frontend/tailwind.css)
|
||||
- [Ember.js](frontend/ember.js)
|
||||
- [Angular (2+)](frontend/angular.js)
|
||||
- [AngularJS](frontend/angularjs.js)
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
### 🗃️ Databases
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -102,15 +87,13 @@ Feel free to take a look. You might learn new things. They have been designed to
|
||||
<summary>View cheatsheets</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
#### SQL
|
||||
|
||||
- [MySQL](databases/mysql.sh)
|
||||
|
||||
#### NoSQL
|
||||
- [MongoDB](databases/mongodb.sh)
|
||||
|
||||
- [Redis](databases/redis.sh)
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
### 🔧 Tools
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -118,6 +101,7 @@ Feel free to take a look. You might learn new things. They have been designed to
|
||||
<summary>View cheatsheets</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Development
|
||||
|
||||
- [cURL](tools/curl.sh)
|
||||
- [Drush](tools/drush.sh)
|
||||
- [Elasticsearch](tools/elasticsearch.js)
|
||||
@@ -130,35 +114,25 @@ Feel free to take a look. You might learn new things. They have been designed to
|
||||
- [Xcode](tools/xcode.txt)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Infrastructure
|
||||
|
||||
- [AWS CLI](tools/aws.sh)
|
||||
- [Docker](tools/docker.sh)
|
||||
- [GCP CLI](tools/gcp.md)
|
||||
- [Heroku CLI](tools/heroku.sh)
|
||||
- [Kubernetes](tools/kubernetes.md)
|
||||
- [macOS](tools/macos.sh)
|
||||
- [Nanobox Boxfile](tools/nanobox_boxfile.yml)
|
||||
- [Nanobox CLI](tools/nanobox_cli.sh)
|
||||
- [Nginx](tools/nginx.sh)
|
||||
- [PM2](tools/pm2.sh)
|
||||
- [Ubuntu](tools/ubuntu.sh)
|
||||
- [Firebase CLI](tools/firebase_cli.md)
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
## 🙌🏼 How to Contribute?
|
||||
|
||||
You are more than welcome to contribute and build your own cheat sheet for your favorite programming language, framework or development tool. Just submit changes via pull request and I will review them before merging.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 👩💻👨💻 Our valuable Contributors
|
||||
|
||||
<div align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/LeCoupa/awesome-cheatsheets/graphs/contributors">
|
||||
<p align="center"><a href="https://github.com/LeCoupa/awesome-cheatsheets/graphs/contributors">
|
||||
<img src="https://contributors-img.web.app/image?repo=LeCoupa/awesome-cheatsheets" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -16,99 +16,3 @@ GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON prospectwith.* TO 'power'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;
|
||||
CREATE USER 'newuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; # Create user
|
||||
|
||||
mysql -u root -pmypassword -e "MY SQL QUERY" &>> query.log & disown # Run SQL query in the background
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Database and Table Operations
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
CREATE DATABASE database_name; # Create a new database
|
||||
DROP DATABASE database_name; # Delete a database
|
||||
CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype, column2 datatype, ...); # Create a new table
|
||||
DROP TABLE table_name; # Delete a table
|
||||
SHOW TABLES; # Display all tables in the current database
|
||||
DESCRIBE table_name; # Show the structure of a table
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Data Manipulation
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...); # Insert data into a table
|
||||
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ... WHERE condition; # Update existing data in a table
|
||||
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition; # Delete data from a table
|
||||
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition; # Select data from a table
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Backup and Restore
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
mysqldump -u username -p database_name table1 table2 > file.sql # Backup specific tables
|
||||
mysql -u username -p database_name < file.sql # Restore specific tables
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# User Management and Security
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
REVOKE privilege_type ON database_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'hostname'; # Revoke privileges from a user
|
||||
DROP USER 'username'@'hostname'; # Delete a user
|
||||
ALTER USER 'username'@'hostname' IDENTIFIED BY 'newpassword'; # Reset a user's password
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Performance and Maintenance
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
OPTIMIZE TABLE table_name; # Optimize a table
|
||||
ANALYZE TABLE table_name; # Analyze a table for key distribution and storage optimization
|
||||
CHECK TABLE table_name; # Check a table for errors
|
||||
REPAIR TABLE table_name; # Repair a corrupted table
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Advanced Queries
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
SELECT ... FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column; # Perform a join operation between two tables
|
||||
SELECT ... FROM (SELECT ... FROM table_name) AS subquery; # Use a subquery within another query
|
||||
SELECT column, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column; # Group results and use aggregate functions
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# System Information
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
SELECT VERSION(); # Show the current version of MySQL
|
||||
SELECT User, Host FROM mysql.user; # List all current MySQL users
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Miscellaneous
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
SET GLOBAL general_log = 'ON'; # Enable query logging
|
||||
SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST; # Show the last queries executed in MySQL
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Altering Table Structure
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD COLUMN column_name datatype; # Add a new column to an existing table
|
||||
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype; # Change the data type of a column
|
||||
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name; # Rename a column (MySQL 8.0+)
|
||||
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name; # Remove a column from a table
|
||||
ALTER TABLE old_table_name RENAME TO new_table_name; # Rename an entire table
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Indexes (Performance Tuning)
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table_name (column_name); # Create a standard index to speed up queries
|
||||
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name ON table_name (column_name); # Create a unique index (no duplicate values)
|
||||
SHOW INDEX FROM table_name; # List all indexes on a specific table
|
||||
DROP INDEX idx_name ON table_name; # Remove an index from a table
|
||||
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition; # Analyze how MySQL executes a query (Check index usage)
|
||||
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
# Transactions (Data Integrity)
|
||||
# *****************************************************************************
|
||||
|
||||
START TRANSACTION; # Begin a new transaction
|
||||
COMMIT; # Save all changes made during the transaction
|
||||
ROLLBACK; # Undo all changes if an error occurs before commit
|
||||
SET AUTOCOMMIT = 0; # Disable automatic commits for the current session
|
||||
SET AUTOCOMMIT = 1; # Re-enable automatic commits after finishing manual transactions
|
||||
|
||||
+47
-71
@@ -43,14 +43,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
.hidden /* display: none; */
|
||||
.block /* display: block; */
|
||||
.flow-root /* display: flow-root; */
|
||||
.inline-block /* display: inline-block; */
|
||||
.inline /* display: inline; */
|
||||
.flex /* display: flex; */
|
||||
.inline-flex /* display: inline-flex; */
|
||||
.grid /* display: grid; */
|
||||
.inline-grid /* display: inline-grid; */
|
||||
.contents /* display: contents; */
|
||||
.table /* display: table; */
|
||||
.table-caption /* display: table-caption; */
|
||||
.table-cell /* display: table-cell; */
|
||||
@@ -71,6 +68,7 @@
|
||||
.float-right /* float: right; */
|
||||
.float-left /* float: left; */
|
||||
.float-none /* float: none; */
|
||||
.clearfix /* &::after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } */
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Clear
|
||||
@@ -132,6 +130,8 @@
|
||||
.overflow-y-visible /* overflow-y: visible; */
|
||||
.overflow-x-scroll /* overflow-x: scroll; */
|
||||
.overflow-y-scroll /* overflow-y: scroll; */
|
||||
.scrolling-touch /* -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; */
|
||||
.scrolling-auto /* -webkit-overflow-scrolling: auto; */
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Position
|
||||
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
|
||||
* By default, only responsive variants are generated for flex-wrap utilities.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
.flex-nowrap /* flex-wrap: nowrap; */
|
||||
.flex-no-wrap /* flex-wrap: nowrap; */
|
||||
.flex-wrap /* flex-wrap: wrap; */
|
||||
.flex-wrap-reverse /* flex-wrap: wrap-reverse; */
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -478,44 +478,44 @@
|
||||
.gap-56 /* gap: 14rem; */
|
||||
.gap-64 /* gap: 16rem; */
|
||||
.gap-px /* gap: 1px; */
|
||||
.gap-y-0 /* row-gap: 0; */
|
||||
.gap-y-1 /* row-gap: 0.25rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-2 /* row-gap: 0.5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-3 /* row-gap: 0.75rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-4 /* row-gap: 1rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-5 /* row-gap: 1.25rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-6 /* row-gap: 1.5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-8 /* row-gap: 2rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-10 /* row-gap: 2.5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-12 /* row-gap: 3rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-16 /* row-gap: 4rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-20 /* row-gap: 5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-24 /* row-gap: 6rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-32 /* row-gap: 8rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-40 /* row-gap: 10rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-48 /* row-gap: 12rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-56 /* row-gap: 14rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-64 /* row-gap: 16rem; */
|
||||
.gap-y-px /* row-gap: 1px; */
|
||||
.gap-x-0 /* column-gap: 0; */
|
||||
.gap-x-1 /* column-gap: 0.25rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-2 /* column-gap: 0.5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-3 /* column-gap: 0.75rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-4 /* column-gap: 1rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-5 /* column-gap: 1.25rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-6 /* column-gap: 1.5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-8 /* column-gap: 2rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-10 /* column-gap: 2.5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-12 /* column-gap: 3rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-16 /* column-gap: 4rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-20 /* column-gap: 5rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-24 /* column-gap: 6rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-32 /* column-gap: 8rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-40 /* column-gap: 10rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-48 /* column-gap: 12rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-56 /* column-gap: 14rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-64 /* column-gap: 16rem; */
|
||||
.gap-x-px /* column-gap: 1px; */
|
||||
.row-gap-0 /* row-gap: 0; */
|
||||
.row-gap-1 /* row-gap: 0.25rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-2 /* row-gap: 0.5rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-3 /* row-gap: 0.75rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-4 /* row-gap: 1rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-5 /* row-gap: 1.25rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-6 /* row-gap: 1.5rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-8 /* row-gap: 2rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-10 /* row-gap: 2.5rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-12 /* row-gap: 3rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-16 /* row-gap: 4rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-20 /* row-gap: 5rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-24 /* row-gap: 6rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-32 /* row-gap: 8rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-40 /* row-gap: 10rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-48 /* row-gap: 12rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-56 /* row-gap: 14rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-64 /* row-gap: 16rem; */
|
||||
.row-gap-px /* row-gap: 1px; */
|
||||
.col-gap-0 /* column-gap: 0; */
|
||||
.col-gap-1 /* column-gap: 0.25rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-2 /* column-gap: 0.5rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-3 /* column-gap: 0.75rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-4 /* column-gap: 1rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-5 /* column-gap: 1.25rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-6 /* column-gap: 1.5rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-8 /* column-gap: 2rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-10 /* column-gap: 2.5rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-12 /* column-gap: 3rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-16 /* column-gap: 4rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-20 /* column-gap: 5rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-24 /* column-gap: 6rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-32 /* column-gap: 8rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-40 /* column-gap: 10rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-48 /* column-gap: 12rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-56 /* column-gap: 14rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-64 /* column-gap: 16rem; */
|
||||
.col-gap-px /* column-gap: 1px; */
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* Grid Auto Flow
|
||||
@@ -1153,8 +1153,8 @@
|
||||
* By default, only responsive, hover and focus variants are generated for font weight utilities.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
.font-thin /* font-weight: 100; */
|
||||
.font-extralight /* font-weight: 200; */
|
||||
.font-hairline /* font-weight: 100; */
|
||||
.font-thin /* font-weight: 200; */
|
||||
.font-light /* font-weight: 300; */
|
||||
.font-normal /* font-weight: 400; */
|
||||
.font-medium /* font-weight: 500; */
|
||||
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
.whitespace-normal /* white-space: normal; */
|
||||
.whitespace-nowrap /* white-space: nowrap; */
|
||||
.whitespace-no-wrap /* white-space: nowrap; */
|
||||
.whitespace-pre /* white-space: pre; */
|
||||
.whitespace-pre-line /* white-space: pre-line; */
|
||||
.whitespace-pre-wrap /* white-space: pre-wrap; */
|
||||
@@ -1902,6 +1902,7 @@
|
||||
* By default, only responsive, hover and focus variants are generated for box shadow utilities.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
.shadow-xs /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); */
|
||||
.shadow-sm /* box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); */
|
||||
.shadow /* box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06); */
|
||||
.shadow-md /* box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 2px 4px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06); */
|
||||
@@ -1909,34 +1910,9 @@
|
||||
.shadow-xl /* box-shadow: 0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04); */
|
||||
.shadow-2xl /* box-shadow: 0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); */
|
||||
.shadow-inner /* box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06); */
|
||||
.shadow-outline /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.5); */
|
||||
.shadow-none /* box-shadow: none; */
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* RING
|
||||
* --------------------
|
||||
* Utilities for creating outline rings with box-shadows.
|
||||
* Replaced the old .shadow-outline utility.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
.ring-0 /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 0px; */
|
||||
.ring-1 /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px; */
|
||||
.ring-2 /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px; */
|
||||
.ring-4 /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px; */
|
||||
.ring-8 /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 8px; */
|
||||
.ring /* box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px; */
|
||||
.ring-inset /* --ring-inset: inset; */
|
||||
|
||||
.ring-transparent /* --ring-color: transparent; */
|
||||
.ring-black /* --ring-color: #000; */
|
||||
.ring-white /* --ring-color: #fff; */
|
||||
.ring-current /* --ring-color: currentColor; */
|
||||
|
||||
.ring-offset-0 /* --ring-offset-width: 0px; */
|
||||
.ring-offset-1 /* --ring-offset-width: 1px; */
|
||||
.ring-offset-2 /* --ring-offset-width: 2px; */
|
||||
.ring-offset-4 /* --ring-offset-width: 4px; */
|
||||
.ring-offset-8 /* --ring-offset-width: 8px; */
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* OPACITY
|
||||
* --------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,670 +0,0 @@
|
||||
/****************************
|
||||
* TYPESCRIPT CHEATSHEET - Quick Reference
|
||||
* Learn more: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/
|
||||
* Playground: https://www.typescriptlang.org/play
|
||||
* Handbook: https://www.typescriptlang.org/handbook/
|
||||
*
|
||||
* Table of contents
|
||||
* -------------------
|
||||
* 01 | Basic Types
|
||||
* 02 | Variables & Arrays
|
||||
* 03 | Functions
|
||||
* 04 | Objects & Interfaces
|
||||
* 05 | Classes
|
||||
* 06 | Generics
|
||||
* 07 | Union & Literal Types
|
||||
* 08 | Type Guards & Assertions
|
||||
* 09 | Utility Types
|
||||
* 10 | Enums
|
||||
* 11 | Modules
|
||||
* 12 | Advanced Types
|
||||
* 13 | Decorators
|
||||
* 14 | Configuration
|
||||
* 15 | Common Patterns
|
||||
*****************************/
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 01: Basic Types -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Primitive Types
|
||||
let str: string = "hello";
|
||||
let num: number = 42;
|
||||
let bool: boolean = true;
|
||||
let undef: undefined = undefined;
|
||||
let nul: null = null;
|
||||
|
||||
// Special Types
|
||||
let anything: any = "can be anything";
|
||||
let unknown: unknown = "type-safe any";
|
||||
let nothing: void = undefined;
|
||||
let never: never = (() => { throw new Error() })();
|
||||
|
||||
// Type Inference
|
||||
let auto = "TypeScript infers string";
|
||||
let nums = [1, 2, 3]; // number[]
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 02: Variables & Arrays -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrays
|
||||
let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
|
||||
let strings: Array<string> = ["a", "b"];
|
||||
let mixed: (string | number)[] = [1, "two"];
|
||||
|
||||
// Tuples
|
||||
let tuple: [string, number] = ["hello", 42];
|
||||
let namedTuple: [name: string, age: number] = ["John", 30];
|
||||
|
||||
// Destructuring
|
||||
let [first, second] = tuple;
|
||||
let [x, y, ...rest] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
|
||||
|
||||
// Object Destructuring
|
||||
let {name, age} = {name: "John", age: 30};
|
||||
let {a: newName, b = 10} = {a: "value"}; // rename & default
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 03: Functions -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Function Declaration
|
||||
function add(x: number, y: number): number {
|
||||
return x + y;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrow Functions
|
||||
const multiply = (x: number, y: number): number => x * y;
|
||||
const greet = (name: string): void => console.log(`Hello ${name}`);
|
||||
|
||||
// Optional & Default Parameters
|
||||
function build(first: string, last?: string, age = 25): string {
|
||||
return `${first} ${last || ""} (${age})`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Rest Parameters
|
||||
function sum(...nums: number[]): number {
|
||||
return nums.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Function Overloads
|
||||
function format(x: string): string;
|
||||
function format(x: number): string;
|
||||
function format(x: string | number): string {
|
||||
return x.toString();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Function Types
|
||||
type MathOp = (x: number, y: number) => number;
|
||||
const divide: MathOp = (x, y) => x / y;
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 04: Objects & Interfaces -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Object Types
|
||||
let person: {name: string, age: number} = {name: "John", age: 30};
|
||||
|
||||
// Interface
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
readonly id: number;
|
||||
name: string;
|
||||
email?: string; // optional
|
||||
[key: string]: any; // index signature
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Extending Interfaces
|
||||
interface Admin extends User {
|
||||
permissions: string[];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Multiple Inheritance
|
||||
interface Timestamped {
|
||||
createdAt: Date;
|
||||
}
|
||||
interface AdminUser extends User, Timestamped {
|
||||
role: "admin";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Function in Interface
|
||||
interface Calculator {
|
||||
add(x: number, y: number): number;
|
||||
subtract: (x: number, y: number) => number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 05: Classes -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Basic Class
|
||||
class Animal {
|
||||
public name: string;
|
||||
private age: number;
|
||||
protected species: string;
|
||||
readonly id: number;
|
||||
|
||||
constructor(name: string, age: number) {
|
||||
this.name = name;
|
||||
this.age = age;
|
||||
this.species = "unknown";
|
||||
this.id = Math.random();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
speak(): void {
|
||||
console.log(`${this.name} makes a sound`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Inheritance
|
||||
class Dog extends Animal {
|
||||
breed: string;
|
||||
|
||||
constructor(name: string, age: number, breed: string) {
|
||||
super(name, age);
|
||||
this.breed = breed;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
speak(): void {
|
||||
console.log(`${this.name} barks`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Abstract Class
|
||||
abstract class Shape {
|
||||
abstract area(): number;
|
||||
|
||||
display(): void {
|
||||
console.log(`Area: ${this.area()}`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Static Members
|
||||
class MathUtils {
|
||||
static PI = 3.14159;
|
||||
static circle(radius: number): number {
|
||||
return 2 * MathUtils.PI * radius;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Getters/Setters
|
||||
class Person {
|
||||
private _age: number = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
get age(): number {
|
||||
return this._age;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
set age(value: number) {
|
||||
if (value >= 0) this._age = value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 06: Generics -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic Functions
|
||||
function identity<T>(arg: T): T { return arg; }
|
||||
const result = identity<string>("hello");
|
||||
const inferred = identity(42); // T inferred as number
|
||||
|
||||
// Multiple Type Parameters
|
||||
function pair<T, U>(first: T, second: U): [T, U] {
|
||||
return [first, second];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic Interface
|
||||
interface Container<T> {
|
||||
value: T;
|
||||
getValue(): T;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic Class
|
||||
class Box<T> {
|
||||
contents: T;
|
||||
constructor(value: T) {
|
||||
this.contents = value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Constraints
|
||||
interface HasLength {
|
||||
length: number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function logLength<T extends HasLength>(arg: T): void {
|
||||
console.log(arg.length);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Keyof Constraint
|
||||
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
|
||||
return obj[key];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 07: Union & Literal Types -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Union Types
|
||||
type StringOrNumber = string | number;
|
||||
type Status = "loading" | "success" | "error";
|
||||
|
||||
function process(id: string | number): void {
|
||||
if (typeof id === "string") {
|
||||
console.log(id.toUpperCase());
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
console.log(id.toFixed(2));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Intersection Types
|
||||
type Person = {name: string};
|
||||
type Employee = {company: string};
|
||||
type Staff = Person & Employee; // has both properties
|
||||
|
||||
// Literal Types
|
||||
type Theme = "light" | "dark";
|
||||
type Port = 3000 | 8080 | 9000;
|
||||
type Success = true;
|
||||
|
||||
// Discriminated Unions
|
||||
interface Circle {
|
||||
kind: "circle";
|
||||
radius: number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
interface Square {
|
||||
kind: "square";
|
||||
sideLength: number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
type Shape = Circle | Square;
|
||||
|
||||
function area(shape: Shape): number {
|
||||
switch (shape.kind) {
|
||||
case "circle":
|
||||
return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2;
|
||||
case "square":
|
||||
return shape.sideLength ** 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 08: Type Guards & Assertions -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Type Guards
|
||||
function isString(value: any): value is string {
|
||||
return typeof value === "string";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function isNumber(value: any): value is number {
|
||||
return typeof value === "number";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Using Type Guards
|
||||
function process(value: string | number) {
|
||||
if (isString(value)) {
|
||||
console.log(value.toUpperCase()); // TypeScript knows it's string
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
console.log(value.toFixed(2)); // TypeScript knows it's number
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// in operator
|
||||
type Fish = { swim: () => void };
|
||||
type Bird = { fly: () => void };
|
||||
|
||||
function move(animal: Fish | Bird) {
|
||||
if ("swim" in animal) {
|
||||
animal.swim(); // Fish
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
animal.fly(); // Bird
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// instanceof
|
||||
function handleError(error: Error | string) {
|
||||
if (error instanceof Error) {
|
||||
console.log(error.message);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
console.log(error);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Type Assertions
|
||||
let someValue: any = "hello world";
|
||||
let strLength = (someValue as string).length;
|
||||
// or: let strLength = (<string>someValue).length;
|
||||
|
||||
// Non-null Assertion
|
||||
let name: string | null = getName();
|
||||
let nameLength = name!.length; // Assert name is not null
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 09: Utility Types -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
interface Todo {
|
||||
title: string;
|
||||
description: string;
|
||||
completed: boolean;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Partial<T> - All properties optional
|
||||
type PartialTodo = Partial<Todo>;
|
||||
// {title?: string, description?: string, completed?: boolean}
|
||||
|
||||
// Required<T> - All properties required
|
||||
type RequiredTodo = Required<PartialTodo>;
|
||||
|
||||
// Readonly<T> - All properties readonly
|
||||
type ReadonlyTodo = Readonly<Todo>;
|
||||
|
||||
// Pick<T, K> - Select specific properties
|
||||
type TodoPreview = Pick<Todo, "title" | "completed">;
|
||||
|
||||
// Omit<T, K> - Exclude specific properties
|
||||
type TodoInfo = Omit<Todo, "completed">;
|
||||
|
||||
// Record<K, T> - Create object type
|
||||
type TodoStatus = Record<"pending" | "completed", Todo[]>;
|
||||
|
||||
// Exclude<T, U> - Remove types from union
|
||||
type NonString = Exclude<string | number | boolean, string>;
|
||||
// number | boolean
|
||||
|
||||
// Extract<T, U> - Extract types from union
|
||||
type StringOnly = Extract<string | number | boolean, string>;
|
||||
// string
|
||||
|
||||
// NonNullable<T> - Remove null/undefined
|
||||
type NonNullString = NonNullable<string | null | undefined>;
|
||||
// string
|
||||
|
||||
// ReturnType<T> - Get function return type
|
||||
function getName(): string { return "John"; }
|
||||
type NameType = ReturnType<typeof getName>; // string
|
||||
|
||||
// Parameters<T> - Get function parameters as tuple
|
||||
type GetNameParams = Parameters<typeof getName>; // []
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 10: Enums -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Numeric Enum
|
||||
enum Direction {
|
||||
Up, // 0
|
||||
Down, // 1
|
||||
Left, // 2
|
||||
Right // 3
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// String Enum
|
||||
enum Color {
|
||||
Red = "red",
|
||||
Green = "green",
|
||||
Blue = "blue"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Mixed Enum
|
||||
enum Mixed {
|
||||
No = 0,
|
||||
Yes = "yes"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Const Enum (inlined at compile time)
|
||||
const enum StatusCode {
|
||||
OK = 200,
|
||||
NotFound = 404,
|
||||
Error = 500
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
let currentDirection = Direction.Up;
|
||||
let favoriteColor = Color.Blue;
|
||||
let status = StatusCode.OK;
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 11: Modules -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Named Exports
|
||||
export const PI = 3.14159;
|
||||
export function calculate(r: number): number {
|
||||
return PI * r * r;
|
||||
}
|
||||
export class Calculator {
|
||||
add(x: number, y: number): number { return x + y; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Default Export
|
||||
export default class Logger {
|
||||
log(message: string): void {
|
||||
console.log(message);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Re-exports
|
||||
export { Calculator as Calc } from "./calculator";
|
||||
export * from "./utilities";
|
||||
|
||||
// Import
|
||||
import Logger from "./logger"; // default import
|
||||
import { PI, calculate } from "./math"; // named imports
|
||||
import * as MathUtils from "./math"; // namespace import
|
||||
import { Calculator as Calc } from "./calculator"; // alias
|
||||
|
||||
// Dynamic Imports
|
||||
const module = await import("./dynamic-module");
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 12: Advanced Types -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Mapped Types
|
||||
type Nullable<T> = {
|
||||
[P in keyof T]: T[P] | null;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
type OptionalId<T> = {
|
||||
[P in keyof T]: P extends "id" ? T[P] | undefined : T[P];
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
// Conditional Types
|
||||
type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false;
|
||||
type StringCheck = IsString<"hello">; // true
|
||||
|
||||
// Template Literal Types
|
||||
type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`;
|
||||
type ClickEvent = EventName<"click">; // "onClick"
|
||||
|
||||
// Indexed Access Types
|
||||
type Person = { name: string; age: number; location: string };
|
||||
type PersonName = Person["name"]; // string
|
||||
type PersonKeys = keyof Person; // "name" | "age" | "location"
|
||||
|
||||
// Recursive Types
|
||||
type Json = string | number | boolean | null | Json[] | {[key: string]: Json};
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 13: Decorators -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// Class Decorator
|
||||
function Component(name: string) {
|
||||
return function<T extends {new(...args: any[]): {}}>(constructor: T) {
|
||||
return class extends constructor {
|
||||
componentName = name;
|
||||
};
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Component("MyComponent")
|
||||
class MyClass {}
|
||||
|
||||
// Method Decorator
|
||||
function Log(target: any, propertyName: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
|
||||
const method = descriptor.value;
|
||||
descriptor.value = function(...args: any[]) {
|
||||
console.log(`Calling ${propertyName} with`, args);
|
||||
return method.apply(this, args);
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class Service {
|
||||
@Log
|
||||
getData(): string {
|
||||
return "data";
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Property Decorator
|
||||
function MinLength(length: number) {
|
||||
return function(target: any, propertyName: string) {
|
||||
let value: string;
|
||||
|
||||
const getter = () => value;
|
||||
const setter = (newVal: string) => {
|
||||
if (newVal.length < length) {
|
||||
throw new Error(`${propertyName} must be at least ${length} chars`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
value = newVal;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
Object.defineProperty(target, propertyName, {
|
||||
get: getter,
|
||||
set: setter
|
||||
});
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class User {
|
||||
@MinLength(3)
|
||||
username: string;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 14: Configuration -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// tsconfig.json
|
||||
/*
|
||||
{
|
||||
"compilerOptions": {
|
||||
"target": "ES2020",
|
||||
"module": "commonjs",
|
||||
"lib": ["ES2020", "DOM"],
|
||||
"outDir": "./dist",
|
||||
"rootDir": "./src",
|
||||
"strict": true,
|
||||
"esModuleInterop": true,
|
||||
"skipLibCheck": true,
|
||||
"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
|
||||
"moduleResolution": "node",
|
||||
"allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
|
||||
"experimentalDecorators": true,
|
||||
"emitDecoratorMetadata": true,
|
||||
"sourceMap": true,
|
||||
"declaration": true,
|
||||
"removeComments": true,
|
||||
"noImplicitAny": true,
|
||||
"noImplicitReturns": true,
|
||||
"noUnusedLocals": true,
|
||||
"noUnusedParameters": true
|
||||
},
|
||||
"include": ["src/**/*"],
|
||||
"exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
|
||||
}
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
// Compiler Options Quick Reference
|
||||
// --target: ES5, ES6, ES2017, ES2018, ES2019, ES2020, ESNext
|
||||
// --module: commonjs, amd, es2015, es2020, esnext, system, umd
|
||||
// --lib: ES5, ES6, ES2017, DOM, WebWorker, ScriptHost
|
||||
// --strict: Enable all strict type checking options
|
||||
|
||||
/***************************
|
||||
------------ 15: Common Patterns -----------
|
||||
*******************************/
|
||||
|
||||
// API Response Type
|
||||
interface ApiResponse<T> {
|
||||
data: T;
|
||||
status: number;
|
||||
message: string;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Event Handler Pattern
|
||||
type EventHandler<T = Event> = (event: T) => void;
|
||||
const onClick: EventHandler<MouseEvent> = (e) => console.log(e.clientX);
|
||||
|
||||
// Builder Pattern
|
||||
class QueryBuilder {
|
||||
private query = "";
|
||||
|
||||
select(fields: string): this {
|
||||
this.query += `SELECT ${fields} `;
|
||||
return this;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
from(table: string): this {
|
||||
this.query += `FROM ${table} `;
|
||||
return this;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
build(): string {
|
||||
return this.query.trim();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Factory Pattern
|
||||
interface Shape { area(): number; }
|
||||
class Circle implements Shape {
|
||||
constructor(private radius: number) {}
|
||||
area(): number { return Math.PI * this.radius ** 2; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class ShapeFactory {
|
||||
static createCircle(radius: number): Shape {
|
||||
return new Circle(radius);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Promise/Async Patterns
|
||||
type AsyncResult<T> = Promise<T | Error>;
|
||||
|
||||
async function fetchUser(id: number): Promise<User | null> {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`);
|
||||
return await response.json();
|
||||
} catch {
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-safe Environment Variables
|
||||
interface Env {
|
||||
NODE_ENV: "development" | "production" | "test";
|
||||
PORT: number;
|
||||
DATABASE_URL: string;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
declare global {
|
||||
namespace NodeJS {
|
||||
interface ProcessEnv extends Env {}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* QUICK TIPS
|
||||
* ----------
|
||||
* • Use 'unknown' instead of 'any' when possible
|
||||
* • Prefer 'interface' for object shapes, 'type' for unions/computed types
|
||||
* • Enable strict mode in tsconfig.json
|
||||
* • Use const assertions: const colors = ['red', 'blue'] as const
|
||||
* • Prefer type guards over type assertions
|
||||
* • Use utility types instead of manual type manipulation
|
||||
* • Enable noImplicitAny for better type safety
|
||||
* • Use discriminated unions for complex state management
|
||||
*/
|
||||
+35
-35
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
1. Data Types
|
||||
|
||||
Primitive Size Example
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
String 2 bytes/char s = "reference";
|
||||
bool b = true;
|
||||
char 2 bytes ch = 'a';
|
||||
@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
decimal 16 bytes val = 70.0M;
|
||||
|
||||
2. Arrays
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 Declaration
|
||||
|
||||
//Initiliazed using a list defined with curly braces
|
||||
int[] nameArray = {100, 101, 102};
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Define an empty array
|
||||
int[] nameArray = new int[3]; // 3 rows and 2 columns
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//To access a specific item in the array
|
||||
int[] nameArray = new int[10];
|
||||
int firstNumber = nameArray[0];
|
||||
nameArray[1] = 20;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Multidimensional arrays
|
||||
int [,] matrix = new int [2,2]
|
||||
matrix[0,0] = 1;
|
||||
@@ -40,26 +40,26 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
int[,] predefinedMatrix = new int[2,2] { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };
|
||||
|
||||
2.2 Array Operations
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Sort ascending
|
||||
Array.Sort(nameArray);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Sort begins at element 6 and sorts 20 elements
|
||||
Array.Sort(nameArray,6,20);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Use 1 array as a key & sort 2 arrays
|
||||
string[] values = {"Juan", "Victor", "Elena"};
|
||||
string[] keys = {"Jimenez", "Martin", "Ortiz"};
|
||||
Array.Sort(keys, values);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Clear elements in array (array, first element, # elements)
|
||||
Array.Clear(nameArray, 0, nameArray.Length);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Copy elements from one array to another
|
||||
Array.Copy(scr, target, numOfElements);
|
||||
|
||||
3. String Operations
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//To concatenate between strings, use the plus operator:
|
||||
string firstName = "Erin";
|
||||
string lastName = "Roger";
|
||||
@@ -68,27 +68,27 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
//To add one string to another, use the += operator:
|
||||
string secondLastName = "Green";
|
||||
string fullName += secondLastName;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//ToString function
|
||||
//It converts an object to its string representation so that it is suitable for display
|
||||
Object.ToString();
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//String formatting
|
||||
//Each additional argument to the function can be referred to in the string using the brackets operator with the index number.
|
||||
String.Format(String format, Object arg0);
|
||||
format - A composite format string that includes one or more format items
|
||||
format - A composite format string that includes one or more format items
|
||||
arg0 - The first or only object to format
|
||||
|
||||
//Substring
|
||||
//Returns a part of the string, beginning from the index specified as the argument. Substring also accepts a maximum length for the substring
|
||||
String.Substring(beginAt);
|
||||
String.Substring(beginAt, maximum);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//Replace
|
||||
string newStr = oldStr.Replace("old","new");
|
||||
|
||||
//IndexOf
|
||||
//Finds the first occurrence of a string in a larger string
|
||||
//Finds the first ocurrence of a string in a larger string
|
||||
//Returns -1 if the string is not found
|
||||
String.IndexOf(val, start, num)
|
||||
val - string to search for
|
||||
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
String.Split(Char[]);
|
||||
|
||||
//ToCharArray
|
||||
//Places selected characters in a string in a char array
|
||||
//Places selected characteres in a string in a char array
|
||||
String str = "AaBbCcDd";
|
||||
//create array of 8 vowels
|
||||
var chars = str.ToCharArray();
|
||||
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
DateTime nextYear = DateTime.AddYears(1);
|
||||
|
||||
6. TimeSpan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
6.1 TimeSpan Constructor
|
||||
|
||||
TimeSpan(hour, minute, sec)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
TimpeSpan(hour, minute, sec)
|
||||
|
||||
TimeSpan timeS = new TimeSpan(10, 14, 50);
|
||||
TimeSpan timeS_Hours = TimeSpan.FromDays(3640);
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
|
||||
Format item syntax: {index[,alignment][:format string]}
|
||||
index - Specifies element in list of values to which format is applied
|
||||
alignment - Indicates minimum width (in characters) to display value
|
||||
format string - Contains the code which specifies the format of the displayed value
|
||||
aligment - Indicates minimun width (in characters) to display value
|
||||
format string - Contains the code which specififes the format of the displayed value
|
||||
|
||||
7.1 Numeric
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
csc -define:DEBUG -optimize -out:File2.exe *.cs -> Compiles all the C# files in the current directory with optimizations enabled and defines the DEBUG symbol. The output is File2.exe
|
||||
csc -target:library -out:File2.dll -warn:0 -nologo -debug *.cs -> Compiles all the C# files in the current directory producing a debug version of File2.dll. No logo and no warnings are displayed
|
||||
csc -target:library -out:Something.xyz *.cs -> Compiles all the C# files in the current directory to Something.xyz (a DLL)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
8.1 Compiler Options Listed
|
||||
|
||||
Option Purpose
|
||||
@@ -260,21 +260,21 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
10. Loop
|
||||
|
||||
10.1 While
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
while (condition) {body}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
10.2 Do while
|
||||
|
||||
do {body} while condition;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
10.3 For
|
||||
|
||||
for (initializer; termination condition; iteration;) {
|
||||
//statements
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
10.4 For each
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
foreach (type identifier in collection) {
|
||||
//statements
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
[access modifier] className (parameters) [:initializer]
|
||||
|
||||
initializer -base calls constructor in base class.
|
||||
this calls constructor within class.
|
||||
this calls constuctor within class.
|
||||
|
||||
public class nameClass : Initializer {
|
||||
public className(dataType param1 , dataType param2, ...) : base(param1, param2)
|
||||
@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
abstract – must be implemented by subclass
|
||||
|
||||
Passing parameters:
|
||||
1. By default, parameters are passed by value
|
||||
2. Passing by reference: ref, in and out modifiers
|
||||
1. By default, parametres are passed by value
|
||||
2. Passing by reference: ref, in and out modifers
|
||||
|
||||
To pass a parameter by reference with the intent of changing the value, use the ref, or out keyword. To pass by reference with the intent of avoiding copying but not changing the value, use the in modifier
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -331,9 +331,9 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
12. Struct
|
||||
|
||||
12.1 Defining a structure
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[attribute][modifier] struct name [:interfaces] { struct-body }
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
12.2 Class vs Structure
|
||||
|
||||
-> Classes are reference types and structs are value types
|
||||
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ CHEATSHEET C#
|
||||
//To declare an event inside a class, first a delegate type for the event must be declared.
|
||||
|
||||
public delegate string MyDelegate(string str);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
//The event itself is declared by using the event keyword
|
||||
|
||||
event MyDelegate MyEvent;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
|
||||
|
||||
#DATA TYPES
|
||||
1)void - type with empty set of values.There is no structure assosciated with void except pointers.
|
||||
std::nullptr_t is a special pointer that is not itself a pointer type.
|
||||
|
||||
2) int - stores an integer value .
|
||||
4 bytes C++ standard since C11. (for 16-bit OS its 2 bytes)
|
||||
Hence,int value ranges from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
|
||||
|
||||
3) float - stores an decimal value.
|
||||
4 bytes .
|
||||
|
||||
4) char - stores a single character value(ASCII values)
|
||||
1 byte.(0 to 255)
|
||||
|
||||
5) bool - stores a boolean value.(true or false)
|
||||
1 byte.
|
||||
stores a value 0 or 1 indicating tue or false.
|
||||
|
||||
# MODIFIERS
|
||||
C++ has modifiers for extending the limits of the basic data types for some advanced calculation.There are 2 types of Modifiers:-
|
||||
1)Signedness
|
||||
# signed - by default,target will have signed representation ,which means a variable can take negative values.
|
||||
# unsigned - target data type will be unsigned means only positive(absolute) values will be taken by that type.
|
||||
|
||||
2) Size
|
||||
# short - Target data type will have a width of atleast 2 bytes.The data type is optimized for lower bounds using less space.
|
||||
# long - Target data type will have a width of atleast 4 bytes.
|
||||
# long long - Target data type will have a width of at least 8 bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
Character Types
|
||||
|
||||
1) signed char
|
||||
2) unsigned char
|
||||
3) char
|
||||
4) wchar_t
|
||||
|
||||
Float Types
|
||||
1) float
|
||||
2) double
|
||||
3) long double
|
||||
|
||||
# DATA STRUCTURES
|
||||
1) ARRAYS
|
||||
to declare an array of any type : data_type name_of_array[size of array];
|
||||
array cannot be re-intialized with the number of elements.
|
||||
|
||||
2) LINKED LIST
|
||||
a linked list in cpp is built-in in the form of vectors
|
||||
to declare an vector(linked list) in cpp : vector<data_type> name;
|
||||
you have to include vector library. #include<vector>
|
||||
|
||||
3) STACK
|
||||
to make a stack in cpp : stack<data_type> name;
|
||||
you have to include stack library .#include<stack>
|
||||
|
||||
4) QUEUE
|
||||
to make a queue in cpp : queue<data_type> name;
|
||||
you have to include queue library .#include<queue>
|
||||
|
||||
cout<<"Anything"<<variables<<endl;
|
||||
* This prints text on console (Console OUTput).
|
||||
cin>>x;
|
||||
* This inputs data from user and stores in specified variables.
|
||||
|
||||
cin.getline(variable,characters in it)
|
||||
* This is specially used for white sapced (Spaces) input.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Declare a variable named x
|
||||
DataType Description
|
||||
int x; // Integer var named x
|
||||
char x; // Character var stores one alphabet,numerics,special symbol and is one byte.
|
||||
string x; // Characterd back to back
|
||||
bool x; // Boolean value (1 or 0)(true or false)
|
||||
float x; // Real values (decimal numbers)
|
||||
|
||||
*
|
||||
|
||||
#KEYWORDS (reserved words ,have special functionality).There are 97 keywords in C++ as of C20 standard.
|
||||
1) alignas -specifies the alignment requirement of a type or an object.
|
||||
2) alignof -queries alignment requirements of a type.
|
||||
3) and -logical and operator.(alternative to &&)
|
||||
4) and_eq -bitwise and operator .(alternative to &= ,x&=y or x=x&y)
|
||||
5) asm -embed assembly code within C++ program.
|
||||
6) atomic_cancel -
|
||||
7) atomic_commit -
|
||||
8) atomic_noexcept
|
||||
9) auto -automatic intializer or return type evaluated.
|
||||
10) bitand -alternative for bitwise and. (&)
|
||||
11) bitor -alternative for bitwise or. (|)
|
||||
12) bool -data type,capable of holding either true or false.
|
||||
13) break -terminating statement for, loops and switch statements.
|
||||
14) case -transfer control to one of the several statements depending on the value of conditions.
|
||||
15) catch -used in exception handling.
|
||||
16) char -data type character.
|
||||
17) char8_t -character data type 1 byte.(UTF-8 bit character)
|
||||
18) char16_t -character data type 2 bytes.(UTF-16 bit character)
|
||||
19) char32_t -character data type 4 bytes.(UTF-32 bit character)
|
||||
20) class -declaration of user-defined data types.
|
||||
21) compl -compliment operator.(alternative to ~)
|
||||
22) concept -named set of requirements.
|
||||
23) const -defines that the type is constant.
|
||||
24) consteval -specifies that a function is an immediate function.
|
||||
25) constexpr -specifies that the value of a variable or function can appear in constant expression.
|
||||
26) constinit -asserts that a variable has static intialization.
|
||||
27) const_cast -converts between types with different cv-qualification.
|
||||
28) continue -causes the remaining body of loops to be skipped.
|
||||
29) co_await -suspend operation until resumed.
|
||||
30) co_return -complete execution returning a value.
|
||||
31) co_yield -suspend execution returning a value.
|
||||
32) decltype -inspects the declared type of an entity or the type and value category of an expression.
|
||||
33) default -transfer control to one of the several statements,explicitly defaultedfunction definition.
|
||||
34) delete -destroy previously allocated objects,ill-formed functions.
|
||||
35) do -do-while loop.(executes a statement repeatedly,until condition is false)
|
||||
36) double -double precision floating point.
|
||||
37) dynamic_cast -safely converts pointers and references to classes along the inheritance hierarchy.
|
||||
38) else -if the bool value of if() is false then this block gets executed.
|
||||
39) enum -enumeration is a distinct type whose value is restricted to a range of values.
|
||||
40) explicit -specifies that a constructor or conversion function cannot be used for implicit conversions and copy initialization.
|
||||
41) export -exports all namespace-scope declaration.
|
||||
42) extern -applies the language specification for external linkages of function names,types and variables.
|
||||
43) false -a boolean literal indicating condition is not satisfied.
|
||||
44) float -data type declaration for floating point numbers.
|
||||
45) for -intializes counter once and iterates over and over again incrementing the counter each time ,till the condition is met.Range based for loop executes over a range.
|
||||
46) friend -a friend declaration appears in a class body to grants a function or another class access to private and protected members.
|
||||
47) goto -transfers control unconditionally.
|
||||
48) if -if the condition yields true then the block of code gets executed.
|
||||
49) inline -declares a function to be inline function .
|
||||
50) int -basic integer data type.
|
||||
51) long -target type will have a width of atleast 4 bytes.
|
||||
52) mutable -permits modification of class members even if they are declared const.
|
||||
53) namespace -provide a method for preventing name conflicts in large projects.
|
||||
54) new -creates and initializes objects with dynamic storage duration.
|
||||
55) noexcept -performs a compile time check that returns true if an expression is declared not to throw exceptions.
|
||||
56) not -alternative operator for !
|
||||
57) not_eq -alternative operator for !=
|
||||
58) null_ptr -denotes a pointer literal.
|
||||
59) operator -customizes C++ operators for operands of user-defined data type
|
||||
60) or -alternative to | operator.
|
||||
61) or_eq -alternative to |= operator.
|
||||
62) private -member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members.
|
||||
63) protected -member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members and inherited members of base class.
|
||||
64) public - member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members to any subsequent class.
|
||||
65) reflexpr -
|
||||
66) register -automatic storage duration.
|
||||
67) reinterpret_cast -converts between types by reinterpreting the underlying bit pattern.
|
||||
68) requires -used to introduce a requires-clause, which specifies constraints on template arguments or on a function declaration.
|
||||
69) return -terminates the current function and gives back a specified value to the caller.
|
||||
70) short -target type will be optimized for space and will have a width of 2 bytes atleast.
|
||||
71) signed -target will have a signed representation.
|
||||
72) sizeof -used when actual size of object must be known.
|
||||
73) static -specified variables will have static storage duration.
|
||||
74) static_asset -performs compile-time assertion check.
|
||||
75) static_cast -converts between types using a combination of implicit and user-defined conversions.
|
||||
76) struct -class with public member accessibility by default.
|
||||
77) switch -transfer control to one of the several statements,depending on the value of condition.
|
||||
78) synchronized -
|
||||
79) template -template is an entity of family of either classes,functions or variables.
|
||||
80) this -a prvalue expression whose value is the address of the implicit object parameter.
|
||||
81) thread_local -thread storage duration.
|
||||
82) throw -signals and erroneous conditions and executes an error handler.
|
||||
83) true -a boolean literal indicating condition is satisfied.
|
||||
84) try -associates one or more exception handlers with a compound statement.
|
||||
85) typedef -creates an alias that can be used anywhere in place of a type name.
|
||||
86) typeid -used where the dynamic type or polymorphic object must be known and for static type identification.
|
||||
87) typename -similar word for class.
|
||||
88) union -a special class type that can hold only one of its non-static data members at a time.
|
||||
89) unsigned -target type will have a unsigned representation.
|
||||
90) using -introduces a name that is defines elsewhere into the declarative region .
|
||||
91) virtual -virtual functions or classes are defined using the virtual keyword.
|
||||
92) void -type with empty set of values.
|
||||
93) volatile -defines that the type is volatile.
|
||||
94) wchar_t -type for wide character representation.
|
||||
95) while -executes statements repeatedly untill the condition becomes false.
|
||||
96) xor -alternative operator for ^
|
||||
97) xor_eq -alternative operatir for ^=
|
||||
|
||||
#HEADER FILES
|
||||
|
||||
#include<files>
|
||||
*This makes the compiler aware that other files are required for the complete working of this source code.
|
||||
|
||||
List of Header files and their respective functions in C++
|
||||
1) <cstdlib> General purpose library.
|
||||
|
||||
Function name use cases return type Parameters
|
||||
malloc allocates memory void* 1(number of bytes)
|
||||
calloc allocates and zeroes memory void* 2(no.of obj,size of each obj)
|
||||
realloc expands or shrinks previously allocated memory void* 2(pointer to mem area allocated,new size of array)
|
||||
free deallocates previously allocated memory void 1(pointer to memory to deallocate)
|
||||
atof converts a byte string to floating point value double 1(string)
|
||||
atoll converts a byte string to integer value int/long/long long 1(string)
|
||||
strtoull converts a byte string to unsigned integer long/long long 3(str ,str_end ,base)
|
||||
strtold convert a byte string to a float point value float/double/lonng double 2(str ,str_end)
|
||||
rand generate pseudo-random numbers int 0
|
||||
srand seeds pseudo-random number generation void 1(seed)
|
||||
qsort sorts range of element with unspecified type. void 4(ptr ,count ,size ,comp)
|
||||
bsearch searches an array for an element of unspecified type. void* 5(key ,ptr ,count ,size ,comp)
|
||||
abs/llabs completes absolute value of an integer value. int/long/long long 1(int)
|
||||
lldiv computes quotient and remainder of integer division obj 2(int,int)
|
||||
abort abnormal program termination without cleaning up. void 0
|
||||
exit normal program termination with cleaning up. void 1(exit_code)
|
||||
mblen returns number of bytes in next multibyte characters. int 2(ptr ,int)
|
||||
mbtowc converts a next multilayer character to wide characters. int 3(int , ptr , ptr)
|
||||
wctomb converts a next multilayer character to wide characters. int 2(wide char , ptr)
|
||||
|
||||
2) <bitset> general utility library
|
||||
|
||||
operator& performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(and)
|
||||
operator| performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(or) }obj 2(lhs ,rhs)
|
||||
operator^ performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(xor)
|
||||
operator>> performs stream output of bitsets
|
||||
operator<< performs stream input of bitsets
|
||||
|
||||
3) <utility> general utility library
|
||||
|
||||
swap swaps the value of two objects. obj 2(a ,b)
|
||||
exchange replaces the argument with a new value and returns its previous value. obj 2(obj , new_obj)
|
||||
forward forwards a function argument. obj 1(obj)
|
||||
move obtains an rvalue refrence. obj 1(obj)
|
||||
std::get access an element of a pair. refernce (ptr) 1(obj)
|
||||
operator<=> lexicographically compares the value in pair. boolean 2(lhs , rhs)
|
||||
in_range checks if an integer value is in the range of a given integer type. boolean 1(obj)
|
||||
|
||||
cmp_equal
|
||||
cmp_not_equal
|
||||
cmp_less } compares two integer values without value change caused by conversion. boolean 2(u , t )
|
||||
cmp_greater
|
||||
cmp_less_equal
|
||||
cmp_greater_equal
|
||||
|
||||
4) <functional> provudes standard hash functions
|
||||
|
||||
bind_front binds a variable number of arguments,in order,to a function object. obj 2(obj , args)
|
||||
bind binds one or more arguments to a function object. obj 2(obj , args)
|
||||
ref/cref creates a std::reference_wrapper with a type deduced from its argument. obj 1(ptr to obj)
|
||||
invoke invokes any callable object with given arguments. obj 2(obj , args)
|
||||
|
||||
5) <ctime> C-style time/date utility.
|
||||
|
||||
clock returns raw processor clock time since the program started. int (time) 0
|
||||
time returns the current time of the system since epoch. obj 1(ptr)
|
||||
difftime computes the difference between times. int (time) 2(time_begin , time_end)
|
||||
time_spec_get returns the calender time based on a given time base. int 2(ptr , base)
|
||||
|
||||
6) <chrono> C++ time/date utility
|
||||
|
||||
opeartors
|
||||
+
|
||||
-
|
||||
* }implements arithmetic operations with durations as arguments. obj 4(lhs , rhs , d , s)
|
||||
/
|
||||
%
|
||||
|
||||
operators
|
||||
==
|
||||
<
|
||||
> }compares two durations. obj 2(lhs , rhs )
|
||||
<=
|
||||
>=
|
||||
<=>
|
||||
|
||||
duration cast converts a duration to another. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
|
||||
floor converts a duration to another,rounding down. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
|
||||
ceil converts a duration to another,rounding up. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
|
||||
round converts a duration to another,rounding to nearest,ties to even. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
|
||||
abs obtain the absolute value of the duration. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
|
||||
|
||||
7) <algorithm>
|
||||
|
||||
all_of
|
||||
any_of } checks for any predicate is true for elements in a range. boolean 4(first ,last, policy ,predicate)
|
||||
none_of
|
||||
|
||||
for_each applies a function to a range of elements obj 4(first ,last, policy ,obj)
|
||||
for_each_n applies a function to a range of n elements in a sequence integer 4(first ,last, policy ,obj)
|
||||
count }returns the number of elements satisfying a criteria. integer 4(first ,last, policy ,predicate)
|
||||
count_if
|
||||
mismatch finds first position where two ranges differ. obj 6(first1 ,last1 ,first2 ,last2 ,policy ,binary predicate)
|
||||
find
|
||||
find_if }finds first element which satisfies specific criteria. obj 6(first, last ,policy ,valur,unary predicate,binary predicate)
|
||||
find_if
|
||||
find_if_not
|
||||
find_end finds the last sequence of elements in a range. obj 6(first ,last ,s_first ,s_last, ppolicy ,binary predicate)
|
||||
find_first_of searches for any one of a set of elements.
|
||||
adjacent_find finds first two adjacent items that are equal.
|
||||
search searches for a range of elements.
|
||||
search_n searches a range for a number of consecutive copies of an element
|
||||
|
||||
copy }copies a range of elements to a new location
|
||||
copy_if
|
||||
copy_n copies a range of elements to a new location.
|
||||
copy_backward copies a range of elements in backward order.
|
||||
move moves a range of elements to a new location.
|
||||
move_backward moves a range of elements to a new location in backward location.
|
||||
fill copy-assigns the given value to every element in a range.
|
||||
fill_n copy-assigns the given value to N elements in a range.
|
||||
transform applies a function to a range of elements, storing results in a destination range.
|
||||
generate assigns the results of successive function calls to every element in a range .
|
||||
generate_n assigns the results of successive function calls to N elements in a range.
|
||||
remove }removes elements satisfying specific criteria.
|
||||
remove_if
|
||||
remove_copy }copies a range of elements omitting those that satisfy specific criteria.
|
||||
remove_copy_if
|
||||
replace }replaces all values satisfying specific criteria with another value.
|
||||
replace_if
|
||||
replace_copy }copies a range, replacing elements satisfying specific criteria with another value.
|
||||
replace_copy_if
|
||||
swap swaps the values of two objects.
|
||||
swap_ranges swaps two ranges of elements.
|
||||
iter_swap swaps the elements pointed to by two iterators.
|
||||
reverse reverses the order of elements in a range.
|
||||
reverse_copy creates a copy of a range that is reversed.
|
||||
rotate rotates the order of elements in a range.
|
||||
rotate_copy copies and rotate a range of elements.
|
||||
shift_left }shifts elements in a range.
|
||||
shift_right
|
||||
shuffle }randomly re-orders elements in a range.
|
||||
random_shuffle
|
||||
sample selects n random elements from a sequence.
|
||||
unique removes consecutive duplicate elements in a range.
|
||||
unique_copy creates a copy of some range of elements that contains no consecutive duplicates.
|
||||
|
||||
is_partitioned determines if the range is partitioned by the given predicate.
|
||||
partition divides a range of elements into two groups.
|
||||
partition_copy copies a range dividing the elements into two groups.
|
||||
stable_partition divides elements into two groups while preserving their relative order.
|
||||
partition_point locates the partition point of a partitioned range.
|
||||
|
||||
is_sorted }checks whether a range is sorted into ascending order.
|
||||
is_sorted_until
|
||||
sort sorts a range into ascending order.
|
||||
partial_sort sorts the first N elements of a range.
|
||||
partial_sirt_copy copies and partially sorts a range of elements.
|
||||
stable_sort sorts a range of elements while preserving order between equal elements.
|
||||
nth_element partially sorts the given range, partitioned by the given element.
|
||||
|
||||
lower_bound returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given value.
|
||||
upper_bound returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value.
|
||||
binary_search determines if an element exists in a certain range.
|
||||
equal_range returns range of elements matching a specific key.
|
||||
|
||||
merge merges two sorted ranges.
|
||||
inplace_merge merges two ordered ranges in-place.
|
||||
|
||||
includes returns true if one sequence is a subsequence of another .
|
||||
set_differences computes the difference between two sets.
|
||||
set_interactions computes the intersection of two sets.
|
||||
set_symmetric_difference computes the symmetric difference between two sets.
|
||||
set_union computes the union of two sets.
|
||||
|
||||
is_heap checks if the given range is a max heap.
|
||||
is_heap_until finds the largest subrange that is a max heap.
|
||||
make_heap creates a max heap out of a range of elements.
|
||||
push_heap adds an element to a max heap.
|
||||
pop_heap removes the largest element from a max heap.
|
||||
sort_heap turns a max heap into a range of elements sorted in ascending order.
|
||||
|
||||
max returns the greater of the given values.
|
||||
max_element returns the largest element in a range.
|
||||
min returns the smaller of the given values.
|
||||
min_element returns the smallest element in a range.
|
||||
minmax returns the smaller and larger of two elements.
|
||||
minmax_element returns the smallest and the largest elements in a range.
|
||||
clamp clamps a value between a pair of boundary values.
|
||||
|
||||
equal determines if two sets of elements are the same.
|
||||
lexicographical_compare returns true if one range is lexicographically less than another.
|
||||
lexicographical_compare_three_way compares two ranges using three-way comparison.
|
||||
|
||||
is_permutation determines if a sequence is a permutation of another sequence.
|
||||
next_permutation generates the next greater lexicographic permutation of a range of elements.
|
||||
prev_permutation generates the next smaller lexicographic permutation of a range of elements.
|
||||
|
||||
range::all of the above functions in algorithm
|
||||
|
||||
8) <cmath>
|
||||
|
||||
abs
|
||||
fabs }absolute value of a floating point value.
|
||||
fabsf
|
||||
fabsl
|
||||
|
||||
fmod
|
||||
fmodf }remainder of the floating point division operation.
|
||||
fmodl
|
||||
|
||||
remainder
|
||||
remainderf }signed remainder of the division operation.
|
||||
remainderl
|
||||
|
||||
remquo
|
||||
remquof }signed remainder as well as the three last bits of the division operation.
|
||||
remquol
|
||||
|
||||
fma
|
||||
fmaf }fused multiply-add operation.
|
||||
fmal
|
||||
|
||||
fmax
|
||||
fmaxf }larger of two floating point values.
|
||||
fmaxl
|
||||
|
||||
fmin
|
||||
fminf }smaller of two floating point values.
|
||||
fminl
|
||||
|
||||
fdim
|
||||
fdimf }positive difference of two floating point values.
|
||||
fdiml
|
||||
|
||||
nan
|
||||
nanf }not-a-number (NaN).
|
||||
nanl
|
||||
|
||||
lerp linear interpolation function.
|
||||
|
||||
exp expf expl returns e raised to the given power.
|
||||
exp2 exp2f exp2l returns 2 raised to the given power.
|
||||
expm1 expm1f expm1l returns e raised to the given power, minus one.
|
||||
log logf logl computes natural (base e) logarithm.
|
||||
log10 log10f log10l computes common (base 10) logarithm.
|
||||
log2 log2f log2l base 2 logarithm of the given number.
|
||||
log1p log1pf log1pl natural logarithm (to base e) of 1 plus the given number.
|
||||
pow powf powl raises a number to the given power.
|
||||
sqrt sqrtf sqrtl computes square root.
|
||||
cbrt cbrtf cbrtl computes cubic root.
|
||||
hypot hypotf hypotl computes square root of the sum of the squares of two or three given numbers.
|
||||
sin sinf sinl computes sine.
|
||||
cos cosf cosl computes cosine.
|
||||
tan tanf tanl computes tangent.
|
||||
asin asinf asinl computes arc sine.
|
||||
acos acosf acosl computes arc cosine.
|
||||
atan atanf atanl computes arc tangent.
|
||||
sinh sinhf sinhl computes hyperbolic sine.
|
||||
cosh coshf coshl computes hyperbolic cosine.
|
||||
tanh tanhf tanhl computes hyperbolic tangent.
|
||||
asinh asinhf asinhl computes the inverse hyperbolic sine.
|
||||
acosh acochf acoshl computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine.
|
||||
atanh atanhf atanhl computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent.
|
||||
erf erff erfl error function.
|
||||
erfc erfcf erfcl complementary error function.
|
||||
tgamma tgammaf tgammal gamma function.
|
||||
lgamma lgammaf lgammal natural logarithm of the gamma function.
|
||||
ceil ceilf ceill nearest integer not less than the given value.
|
||||
floor floorf floorl nearest integer not greater than the given value.
|
||||
trunc truncf truncl nearest integer not greater in magnitude than the given value.
|
||||
round roundf roundl
|
||||
lround lroundf lroundl } nearest integer, rounding away from zero in halfway cases..
|
||||
llround llroundf llroundl
|
||||
nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nearest integer using current rounding mode.
|
||||
|
||||
9) <complex>
|
||||
|
||||
operator+
|
||||
operator- }applies unary operators to complex numbers.
|
||||
opeartor* performs complex number arithmetics on two complex values or a complex and a scalar.
|
||||
operator/
|
||||
operator==
|
||||
operator!= }compares two complex numbers or a complex and a scalar.
|
||||
operator>>
|
||||
opeartor<< }serializes and deserializes a complex number.
|
||||
real returns the real component.
|
||||
imag returns the imaginary component.
|
||||
abs returns the magnitude of a complex number.
|
||||
arg returns the phase angle.
|
||||
norm returns the squared magnitude.
|
||||
conj returns the complex conjugate.
|
||||
proj returns the projection onto the Riemann sphere.
|
||||
polar constructs a complex number from magnitude and phase angle.
|
||||
exp complex base e exponential.
|
||||
log complex natural logarithm with the branch cuts along the negative real axis.
|
||||
log10 complex common logarithm with the branch cuts along the negative real axis.
|
||||
pow complex power, one or both arguments may be a complex number.
|
||||
sqrt complex square root in the range of the right half-plane.
|
||||
sin cos tan computes sine, cosine and tangent respectively of a complex number.
|
||||
asin acos atan computes arc sine, arc cosine and arc tangent respectively of a complex number.
|
||||
sinh cosh tanh computes hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine and hyperbolic tangent respectively of a complex number.
|
||||
asinh acosh atanh computes area hyperbolic sine, area hyperbolic cosine and area hyperbolic tangent respectively of a complex number.
|
||||
operator""if
|
||||
operator""i } A std::complex literal representing pure imaginary number.
|
||||
operator""il
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+6
-6
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ Preprocessor directives:
|
||||
|
||||
Create and execute a program
|
||||
|
||||
In Linux systems:
|
||||
In Linux systems:
|
||||
1. Open up a terminal
|
||||
2. Create the program: nano nameProgram.c
|
||||
3. Write the program and save it
|
||||
4. gcc -o nameExecutable nameProgram.c
|
||||
4. gcc -o nameExecutable nameProgram.c
|
||||
|
||||
32 Reserved words
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ Operators
|
||||
|
||||
( ) grouping parenthesis, function call
|
||||
[ ] array indexing, also [ ][ ] etc.
|
||||
-> selector, structure pointer
|
||||
. select structure element
|
||||
-> selector, structure pointer
|
||||
. select structure element
|
||||
! relational not, complement, ! a yields true or false
|
||||
~ bitwise not, ones complement, ~ a
|
||||
++ increment, pre or post to a variable
|
||||
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Operators
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Operator precedence
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
More precedence
|
||||
|
||||
LR ( ) [ ] -> . x++ x--
|
||||
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Function definition
|
||||
|
||||
type function_name(int a, float b, const char * ch,...) { function_body }
|
||||
|
||||
/* only parameters passed by address can are modified*/
|
||||
/* only parameters passed by address can are modified*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* in the calling function, local copy can be modified*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+1
-1
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ XML uses a DTD to describe the data.
|
||||
So the XML is a **Complement** to HTML.
|
||||
* HTML: is used to format and display the same data.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
XML does not carry any information about how to be displayed. The same XML data can be used in many different presentation scenarios.
|
||||
Because of this, with XML, there is a full separation between data and presentation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+14
-14
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ CTRL+X then ( # start recording a keyboard macro
|
||||
CTRL+X then ) # finish recording keyboard macro
|
||||
CTRL+X then E # recall last recorded keyboard macro
|
||||
CTRL+X then CTRL+E # invoke text editor (specified by $EDITOR) on current command line then execute resultes as shell commands
|
||||
CTRL+A then D # logout from screen but don't kill it, if any command exist, it will continue
|
||||
CTRL+A then D # logout from screen but don't kill it, if any command exist, it will continue
|
||||
|
||||
BACKSPACE # deletes one character backward
|
||||
DELETE # deletes one character under cursor
|
||||
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ cat <filename> # displays file raw content (will not be interpret
|
||||
cat -n <filename> # shows number of lines
|
||||
nl <file.sh> # shows number of lines in file
|
||||
cat filename1 > filename2 # Copy filename1 to filename2
|
||||
cat filename1 >> filename2 # merge two files texts together
|
||||
cat filename1 >> filename2 # merge two files texts together
|
||||
any_command > <filename> # '>' is used to perform redirections, it will set any_command's stdout to file instead of "real stdout" (generally /dev/stdout)
|
||||
more <filename> # shows the first part of a file (move with space and type q to quit)
|
||||
head <filename> # outputs the first lines of file (default: 10 lines)
|
||||
@@ -203,14 +203,14 @@ echo $$ # prints process ID of the current shell
|
||||
echo $! # prints process ID of the most recently invoked background job
|
||||
echo $? # displays the exit status of the last command
|
||||
read <varname> # reads a string from the input and assigns it to a variable
|
||||
read -p "prompt" <varname> # same as above but outputs a prompt to ask user for value
|
||||
read -p "prompt" <varname> # same as above but outputs a prompt to ask user for value
|
||||
column -t <filename> # display info in pretty columns (often used with pipe)
|
||||
let <varname> = <equation> # performs mathematical calculation using operators like +, -, *, /, %
|
||||
export VARNAME=value # defines an environment variable (will be available in subprocesses)
|
||||
export -f <funcname> # Exports function 'funcname'
|
||||
export var1="var1 value" # Export and assign in the same statement
|
||||
export <varname> # Copy Bash variable
|
||||
declare -x <varname> # Copy Bash variable
|
||||
export <varname> # Copy Bash variable
|
||||
declare -x <varname> # Copy Bash variable
|
||||
|
||||
array[0]=valA # how to define an array
|
||||
array[1]=valB
|
||||
@@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ function returntrap {
|
||||
trap returntrap RETURN # is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or source commands finishes executing
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
# COLORS AND BACKGROUNDS
|
||||
# COLORS AND BACKGROUNDS
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
# note: \e or \x1B also work instead of \033
|
||||
# note: \e or \x1B also work instead of \033
|
||||
# Reset
|
||||
Color_Off='\033[0m' # Text Reset
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -524,14 +524,14 @@ Cyan='\033[0;36m' # Cyan
|
||||
White='\033[0;97m' # White
|
||||
|
||||
# Additional colors
|
||||
LGrey='\033[0;37m' # Light Gray
|
||||
LGrey='\033[0;37m' # Ligth Gray
|
||||
DGrey='\033[0;90m' # Dark Gray
|
||||
LRed='\033[0;91m' # Light Red
|
||||
LGreen='\033[0;92m' # Light Green
|
||||
LYellow='\033[0;93m'# Light Yellow
|
||||
LBlue='\033[0;94m' # Light Blue
|
||||
LRed='\033[0;91m' # Ligth Red
|
||||
LGreen='\033[0;92m' # Ligth Green
|
||||
LYellow='\033[0;93m'# Ligth Yellow
|
||||
LBlue='\033[0;94m' # Ligth Blue
|
||||
LPurple='\033[0;95m'# Light Purple
|
||||
LCyan='\033[0;96m' # Light Cyan
|
||||
LCyan='\033[0;96m' # Ligth Cyan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Bold
|
||||
@@ -566,6 +566,6 @@ On_White='\033[47m' # White
|
||||
|
||||
# Example of usage
|
||||
echo -e "${Green}This is GREEN text${Color_Off} and normal text"
|
||||
echo -e "${Red}${On_White}This is Red test on White background${Color_Off}"
|
||||
echo -e "${Red}${On_White}This is Red test on White background${Color_Off}"
|
||||
# option -e is mandatory, it enable interpretation of backslash escapes
|
||||
printf "${Red} This is red \n"
|
||||
|
||||
+7
-7
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ d, t := doubleAndTriple(5)
|
||||
_, t := doubleAndTriple(3)
|
||||
// t = 9
|
||||
|
||||
// Functions can defer commands. Deferred commands are
|
||||
// ran in a stack order after the execution and
|
||||
// Functions can defer commands. Defered commands are
|
||||
// runned in a stack order after the execution and
|
||||
// returning of a function
|
||||
var aux = 0
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ person3.Age // 0
|
||||
|
||||
## Maps
|
||||
|
||||
Maps are data structures that holds values assigned to a key.
|
||||
Maps are data structures that holds values assigneds to a key.
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
// Declaring a map
|
||||
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ newYork // "EUA"
|
||||
// Delete
|
||||
delete(cities, "NY")
|
||||
|
||||
// Check if a key is set
|
||||
// Check if a key is setted
|
||||
value, ok := cities["NY"]
|
||||
ok // false
|
||||
value // ""
|
||||
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ Go doesn't support `throw`, `try`, `catch` and other common error handling struc
|
||||
```go
|
||||
import "errors"
|
||||
|
||||
// Function that contain a logic that can cause a possible exception flow
|
||||
// Function that contain a logic that can cause a possible exception flow
|
||||
func firstLetter(text string) (string, error) {
|
||||
if len(text) < 1 {
|
||||
return nil, errors.New("Parameter text is empty")
|
||||
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ func Sum(x, y int) int {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// main_test.go
|
||||
import (
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"testing"
|
||||
"reflect"
|
||||
)
|
||||
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ func main() {
|
||||
blocking2: 0
|
||||
blocking2: 1
|
||||
blocking2: 2
|
||||
done
|
||||
done
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
// Go routines are a function (either declared previously or anonymous) called with the keyword go
|
||||
|
||||
+14
-14
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ a \|= b; //a is the variable name; b is the variable name; this expression is an
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
**Example:**
|
||||
```java
|
||||
```java
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
|
||||
System.out.println(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -254,10 +254,10 @@ for(dataType item : array) {
|
||||
|
||||
**Example:**
|
||||
```java
|
||||
int i=1;
|
||||
do{
|
||||
System.out.println(i);
|
||||
i++;
|
||||
int i=1;
|
||||
do{
|
||||
System.out.println(i);
|
||||
i++;
|
||||
}while(i<=10);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ for(dataType item : array) {
|
||||
//Declare a variable, object name
|
||||
String s;
|
||||
|
||||
//Invoke a constructor to create an object
|
||||
//Invoke a contructor to create an object
|
||||
s = new String ("Hello World");
|
||||
|
||||
//Invoke an instance method that operates on the object's value
|
||||
@@ -361,13 +361,13 @@ class MyClass {
|
||||
// four methods
|
||||
public void setCadence(int newValue) {
|
||||
cadence = newValue;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
public void setGear(int newValue) {
|
||||
gear = newValue;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
public void applyBrake(int decrement) {
|
||||
speed -= decrement;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
public void speedUp(int increment) {
|
||||
speed += increment;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -531,13 +531,13 @@ class MyClass extends MySuperClass implements YourInterface {
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```java
|
||||
interface print{
|
||||
void printPaper();
|
||||
}
|
||||
public class A4 implements print{
|
||||
interface print{
|
||||
void printPaper();
|
||||
}
|
||||
public class A4 implements print{
|
||||
public void printPaper(){
|
||||
System.out.println("A4 Page Printed. ");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -95,9 +95,3 @@ arr.reduce(callback[, initialValue]) // Apply a function against
|
||||
arr.reduceRight(callback[, initialValue]) // Apply a function against an accumulator and each value of the array (from right-to-left) as to reduce it to a single value.
|
||||
arr.some(callback[, initialValue]) // Returns true if at least one element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
|
||||
arr.values() // Returns a new Array Iterator object that contains the values for each index in the array.
|
||||
|
||||
// String methods
|
||||
String.charAt(index) // Returns the character at the specified index in a string.
|
||||
String.indexOf(character) // Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified value in a string.
|
||||
String.substring(starting_index, ending_index) // Returns a new string that is a subset of the original string.
|
||||
String.substring(starting_index) // Returns a substring from starting index to last index of string.
|
||||
+7
-7
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
<?php
|
||||
|
||||
// Exit the file, string inside get's echo'ed
|
||||
die("This file is not meant to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
|
||||
exit("This file is not meant to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
|
||||
die("This file is not ment to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
|
||||
exit("This file is not ment to be ran. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯");
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Printing
|
||||
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ var_dump($arr); // Print anything, with type hints for any value and sizes
|
||||
$string = 'Awesome cheatsheets';
|
||||
|
||||
str_contains($string, 'cheat'); // Find if the string contains the specified string (PHP >= 8.0)
|
||||
str_replace('Awesome', 'Bonjour', $string); // Replace all occurrence
|
||||
str_replace('Awesome', 'Bonjour', $string); // Replace all occurence
|
||||
strcmp($string, 'Awesome cheatsheets'); // Compare two strings
|
||||
strpos($string, 'a', 0); // Get position in the string
|
||||
str_split($string, 2); // Split the string
|
||||
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ $argc; // Number of arguments passed into terminal
|
||||
$myObject?->getName()?->startWith('A');
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Class
|
||||
* Class
|
||||
* http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.basic.php
|
||||
*/
|
||||
class NormalClass extends AbstractClassName implements InterfaceName
|
||||
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class NormalClass extends AbstractClassName implements InterfaceName
|
||||
// --> PROPERTY TYPES <--
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Public property, everyone can access this property.
|
||||
* Public property, everyone can access this property.
|
||||
* @var Type
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public $property;
|
||||
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class NormalClass extends AbstractClassName implements InterfaceName
|
||||
protected function protectedFunction(Type $var = null): Type
|
||||
{
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Static function, doesn't need an instance to be executed.
|
||||
* @param Type
|
||||
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ u Pattern is treated as UTF-8
|
||||
\w Any "word" character (a-z 0-9 _)
|
||||
\W Any non "word" character
|
||||
\s Whitespace (space, tab CRLF)
|
||||
\S Any non whitespace character
|
||||
\S Any non whitepsace character
|
||||
\d Digits (0-9)
|
||||
\D Any non digit character
|
||||
. (Period) - Any character except newline
|
||||
|
||||
+14
-14
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
|
||||
- As of python3.8 there are 35 keywords
|
||||
|
||||
| Keyword | Description | Category |
|
||||
|---------- | ---------- | --------- |
|
||||
|---------- | ---------- | --------- |
|
||||
| True | Boolean value for not False or 1 | Value Keyword|
|
||||
| False | Boolean Value for not True or 0 | Value Keyword |
|
||||
| None | No Value | Value keyword |
|
||||
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
|
||||
| else | this block will be executed if condition is false | conditional |
|
||||
| for | used for looping | iteration |
|
||||
| while | used for looping | iteration |
|
||||
| break | get out of loop | iteration |
|
||||
| break | get out of loop | iteration |
|
||||
| continue | skip for specific condition | iteration |
|
||||
| def | make user defined function | structure |
|
||||
| class | make user defined classes | structure |
|
||||
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@
|
||||
| import | import libraries/modules/packages | import |
|
||||
| from | import specific function/classes from modules/packages | import |
|
||||
| try | this block will be tried to get executed | exception handling |
|
||||
| except | is any exception/error has occurred it'll be executed | exception handling |
|
||||
| finally | It'll be executed no matter exception occurs or not | exception handling |
|
||||
| except | is any exception/error has occured it'll be executed | exception handling |
|
||||
| finally | It'll be executed no matter exception occurs or not | exception handling |
|
||||
| raise | throws any specific error/exception | exception handling |
|
||||
| assert | throws an AssertionError if condition is false | exception handling |
|
||||
| async | used to define asynchronous functions/co-routines | asynchronous programming |
|
||||
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
|
||||
- Lists are created using square brackets:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
|
||||
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.
|
||||
@@ -157,14 +157,14 @@ thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
|
||||
- pop() function removes the last value in the given list by default.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
|
||||
|
||||
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
|
||||
|
||||
print(thislist.pop()) # cherry
|
||||
print(thislist.pop(0)) #apple
|
||||
|
||||
print(thislist.pop(0)) #apple
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Tuple
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -291,14 +291,14 @@ thisdict = {
|
||||
"model": "Mustang",
|
||||
"year": 1964
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
x = car.pop("model")
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
print(x)# Mustang
|
||||
print(car)#{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conditional branching
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -378,5 +378,5 @@ function_name()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
* We need not to specify the return type of the function.
|
||||
* Functions by default return `None`
|
||||
* Functions by default return `None`
|
||||
* We can return any datatype.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,815 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# TypeScript
|
||||
|
||||
* TypeScript is a statically typed superset of JavaScript that compiles to plain JavaScript
|
||||
|
||||
* It adds optional static type definitions to JavaScript, enabling better tooling and error detection
|
||||
|
||||
* In TypeScript, types are checked at compile-time, not runtime
|
||||
|
||||
* A TypeScript file has an extension of .ts (or .tsx for React components)
|
||||
|
||||
* TypeScript follows JavaScript syntax but adds type annotations and advanced features
|
||||
|
||||
* We can compile and run a TypeScript file by the following commands:
|
||||
|
||||
`$ tsc filename.ts` (compile to JavaScript)
|
||||
`$ node filename.js` (run the compiled JavaScript)
|
||||
|
||||
Or directly: `$ ts-node filename.ts`
|
||||
|
||||
#### TypeScript requires compilation to JavaScript before execution.
|
||||
|
||||
## Create and execute a program
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install TypeScript globally: `npm install -g typescript`
|
||||
1. Create the program: `touch program.ts`
|
||||
1. Write the TypeScript code and save it
|
||||
1. Compile: `tsc program.ts`
|
||||
1. Run: `node program.js`
|
||||
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic Data Types
|
||||
|
||||
| Data Type | Description | Example |
|
||||
| --------- | ----------- | ------- |
|
||||
| number | Integer and floating point values | `42`, `3.14`, `-7` |
|
||||
| string | Text values | `"hello"`, `'world'`, `` `template` `` |
|
||||
| boolean | True/false values | `true`, `false` |
|
||||
| undefined | Undefined value | `undefined` |
|
||||
| null | Null value | `null` |
|
||||
| any | Any type (disables type checking) | Can be anything |
|
||||
| unknown | Type-safe counterpart of any | Requires type checking |
|
||||
| void | Absence of any type | Function return type |
|
||||
| never | Type that never occurs | Functions that throw errors |
|
||||
| object | Non-primitive types | `{}`, `[]`, functions |
|
||||
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
|
||||
## Keywords and Reserved Words
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
|
||||
- TypeScript includes all JavaScript keywords plus additional TypeScript-specific ones
|
||||
|
||||
| Keyword | Description | Category |
|
||||
|---------- | ---------- | --------- |
|
||||
| let | Declares a block-scoped variable | Variable Declaration |
|
||||
| const | Declares a block-scoped constant | Variable Declaration |
|
||||
| var | Declares a function-scoped variable | Variable Declaration |
|
||||
| function | Declares a function | Function |
|
||||
| class | Declares a class | Class |
|
||||
| interface | Declares an interface | Type Definition |
|
||||
| type | Declares a type alias | Type Definition |
|
||||
| enum | Declares an enumeration | Type Definition |
|
||||
| namespace | Declares a namespace | Module System |
|
||||
| module | Declares a module | Module System |
|
||||
| import | Imports from another module | Module System |
|
||||
| export | Exports from current module | Module System |
|
||||
| extends | Class/interface inheritance | Inheritance |
|
||||
| implements | Class implements interface | Inheritance |
|
||||
| public | Public access modifier | Access Modifier |
|
||||
| private | Private access modifier | Access Modifier |
|
||||
| protected | Protected access modifier | Access Modifier |
|
||||
| readonly | Read-only property | Access Modifier |
|
||||
| static | Static class member | Class Member |
|
||||
| abstract | Abstract class/method | Class |
|
||||
| async | Asynchronous function | Async Programming |
|
||||
| await | Awaits a promise | Async Programming |
|
||||
| new | Creates new instance | Object Creation |
|
||||
| this | Current object reference | Object Reference |
|
||||
| super | Parent class reference | Inheritance |
|
||||
| typeof | Gets type of variable | Type Operation |
|
||||
| keyof | Gets keys of type | Type Operation |
|
||||
| in | Property existence check | Type Guard |
|
||||
| instanceof | Instance type check | Type Guard |
|
||||
| as | Type assertion | Type Assertion |
|
||||
| is | Type predicate | Type Guard |
|
||||
| infer | Infers type in conditional types | Advanced Types |
|
||||
| declare | Ambient declarations | Declaration |
|
||||
| get | Property getter | Accessor |
|
||||
| set | Property setter | Accessor |
|
||||
| yield | Generator yield | Generator |
|
||||
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
|
||||
## Operators
|
||||
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
|
||||
| Operator | Description |
|
||||
|-|-|
|
||||
| ( ) | Grouping, function call, type assertion |
|
||||
| [ ] | Array indexing, array/tuple types |
|
||||
| . | Property access |
|
||||
| ?. | Optional chaining |
|
||||
| ! | Non-null assertion, logical not |
|
||||
| ~ | Bitwise not |
|
||||
| \- | Unary minus, arithmetic subtraction |
|
||||
| \+ | Unary plus, arithmetic addition |
|
||||
| \* | Multiplication |
|
||||
| / | Division |
|
||||
| % | Modulo |
|
||||
| \*\* | Exponentiation |
|
||||
| << | Left shift |
|
||||
| \>> | Right shift |
|
||||
| \>>> | Unsigned right shift |
|
||||
| < | Less than |
|
||||
| <= | Less than or equal |
|
||||
| \> | Greater than |
|
||||
| \>= | Greater than or equal |
|
||||
| == | Equality (with coercion) |
|
||||
| === | Strict equality |
|
||||
| != | Inequality (with coercion) |
|
||||
| !== | Strict inequality |
|
||||
| & | Bitwise AND |
|
||||
| ^ | Bitwise XOR |
|
||||
| \| | Bitwise OR, Union types |
|
||||
| && | Logical AND |
|
||||
| \|\| | Logical OR |
|
||||
| ?? | Nullish coalescing |
|
||||
| ? : | Ternary conditional |
|
||||
| = | Assignment |
|
||||
| += | Add and assign |
|
||||
| -= | Subtract and assign |
|
||||
| *= | Multiply and assign |
|
||||
| /= | Divide and assign |
|
||||
| %= | Modulo and assign |
|
||||
| **= | Exponentiate and assign |
|
||||
| <<= | Left shift and assign |
|
||||
| \>>= | Right shift and assign |
|
||||
| &= | Bitwise AND and assign |
|
||||
| ^= | Bitwise XOR and assign |
|
||||
| \|= | Bitwise OR and assign |
|
||||
| , | Comma operator |
|
||||
| => | Arrow function |
|
||||
| ... | Spread/rest operator |
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic Data Structures
|
||||
|
||||
### Array
|
||||
|
||||
- Array is an ordered collection of elements of the same or different types.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arrays are created using square brackets or Array constructor:
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
|
||||
let fruits: Array<string> = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"];
|
||||
let mixed: (string | number)[] = [1, "two", 3];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Array elements are indexed starting from 0.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arrays are mutable - you can change, add, and remove elements.
|
||||
|
||||
- Common array methods:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let arr = [1, 2, 3];
|
||||
arr.push(4); // Add to end: [1, 2, 3, 4]
|
||||
arr.pop(); // Remove from end: [1, 2, 3]
|
||||
arr.unshift(0); // Add to start: [0, 1, 2, 3]
|
||||
arr.shift(); // Remove from start: [1, 2, 3]
|
||||
arr.length; // Get length: 3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Tuple
|
||||
|
||||
- Tuple is an array with a fixed number of elements of specific types.
|
||||
|
||||
- Tuples are created using square brackets with type annotations:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let person: [string, number] = ["John", 30];
|
||||
let coordinate: [number, number] = [10, 20];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Tuple elements are ordered and have specific types at each position.
|
||||
|
||||
- You can access elements by index, but type checking ensures correctness:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let point: [number, number] = [10, 20];
|
||||
console.log(point[0]); // 10 (number)
|
||||
console.log(point[1]); // 20 (number)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Named tuples provide better readability:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let user: [name: string, age: number] = ["Alice", 25];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Optional and rest elements in tuples:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let optional: [string, number?] = ["hello"];
|
||||
let rest: [string, ...number[]] = ["coords", 1, 2, 3];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Set
|
||||
|
||||
- Set is a collection of unique values of any type.
|
||||
|
||||
- Sets are created using the Set constructor:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let uniqueNumbers = new Set<number>([1, 2, 3, 2]); // {1, 2, 3}
|
||||
let stringSet = new Set<string>();
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Set operations:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let mySet = new Set<string>();
|
||||
mySet.add("apple"); // Add element
|
||||
mySet.has("apple"); // Check existence: true
|
||||
mySet.delete("apple"); // Remove element
|
||||
mySet.clear(); // Remove all elements
|
||||
mySet.size; // Get size
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Iterating over Set:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let fruits = new Set(["apple", "banana", "cherry"]);
|
||||
for (let fruit of fruits) {
|
||||
console.log(fruit);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Map
|
||||
|
||||
- Map is a collection of key-value pairs where keys can be any type.
|
||||
|
||||
- Maps are created using the Map constructor:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let userMap = new Map<string, number>();
|
||||
let mixedMap = new Map<string | number, any>();
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Map operations:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let map = new Map<string, number>();
|
||||
map.set("age", 30); // Add key-value pair
|
||||
map.get("age"); // Get value: 30
|
||||
map.has("age"); // Check key exists: true
|
||||
map.delete("age"); // Remove key-value pair
|
||||
map.clear(); // Remove all entries
|
||||
map.size; // Get size
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Object vs Map:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Object - string/symbol keys only
|
||||
let obj: { [key: string]: number } = { "age": 30 };
|
||||
|
||||
// Map - any type keys
|
||||
let map = new Map<any, number>();
|
||||
map.set("age", 30);
|
||||
map.set(42, 100);
|
||||
map.set(true, 1);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Object Types and Interfaces
|
||||
|
||||
- Objects store key-value pairs and are fundamental to TypeScript.
|
||||
|
||||
- Object type annotation:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let person: { name: string; age: number } = {
|
||||
name: "John",
|
||||
age: 30
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Interface definition for better reusability:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
readonly id: number; // Read-only property
|
||||
name: string;
|
||||
age?: number; // Optional property
|
||||
[key: string]: any; // Index signature
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let user: User = {
|
||||
id: 1,
|
||||
name: "Alice"
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Nested objects and complex types:
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface Address {
|
||||
street: string;
|
||||
city: string;
|
||||
country: string;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface Person {
|
||||
name: string;
|
||||
address: Address;
|
||||
hobbies: string[];
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Conditional branching
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// If-else statements
|
||||
if (condition) {
|
||||
// code block
|
||||
} else if (anotherCondition) {
|
||||
// code block
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
// code block
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Ternary operator
|
||||
let result = condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse;
|
||||
|
||||
// Switch statement
|
||||
switch (variable) {
|
||||
case value1:
|
||||
// code
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case value2:
|
||||
// code
|
||||
break;
|
||||
default:
|
||||
// code
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Loops
|
||||
|
||||
TypeScript supports all JavaScript loop constructs:
|
||||
|
||||
#### For loop
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Traditional for loop
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
|
||||
console.log(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// For-of loop (iterates over values)
|
||||
let fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"];
|
||||
for (let fruit of fruits) {
|
||||
console.log(fruit);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// For-in loop (iterates over keys/indices)
|
||||
for (let index in fruits) {
|
||||
console.log(index, fruits[index]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### While loop
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let i = 0;
|
||||
while (i < 5) {
|
||||
console.log(i);
|
||||
i++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Do-while loop
|
||||
let j = 0;
|
||||
do {
|
||||
console.log(j);
|
||||
j++;
|
||||
} while (j < 5);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Loop control
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
|
||||
if (i === 3) continue; // Skip iteration
|
||||
if (i === 7) break; // Exit loop
|
||||
console.log(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Function definition
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Function declaration
|
||||
function functionName(param1: type, param2: type): returnType {
|
||||
return value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Function expression
|
||||
const functionName = function(param: type): returnType {
|
||||
return value;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrow function
|
||||
const functionName = (param: type): returnType => {
|
||||
return value;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrow function (concise)
|
||||
const functionName = (param: type): returnType => value;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Function variations
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Optional parameters
|
||||
function greet(name: string, age?: number): string {
|
||||
return age ? `Hello ${name}, you are ${age}` : `Hello ${name}`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Default parameters
|
||||
function multiply(a: number, b: number = 1): number {
|
||||
return a * b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Rest parameters
|
||||
function sum(...numbers: number[]): number {
|
||||
return numbers.reduce((total, num) => total + num, 0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Function overloads
|
||||
function process(input: string): string;
|
||||
function process(input: number): number;
|
||||
function process(input: string | number): string | number {
|
||||
if (typeof input === 'string') {
|
||||
return input.toUpperCase();
|
||||
}
|
||||
return input * 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic functions
|
||||
function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
|
||||
return arg;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let result = identity<string>("hello"); // Type is string
|
||||
let result2 = identity(42); // Type inferred as number
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Function call
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
functionName(argument1, argument2);
|
||||
|
||||
// With optional parameters
|
||||
greet("John"); // "Hello John"
|
||||
greet("John", 25); // "Hello John, you are 25"
|
||||
|
||||
// With rest parameters
|
||||
sum(1, 2, 3, 4); // 10
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic function call
|
||||
identity<string>("hello");
|
||||
identity(42); // Type inferred
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Classes
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
class ClassName {
|
||||
// Properties
|
||||
public publicProperty: type;
|
||||
private privateProperty: type;
|
||||
protected protectedProperty: type;
|
||||
readonly readonlyProperty: type;
|
||||
static staticProperty: type;
|
||||
|
||||
// Constructor
|
||||
constructor(param: type) {
|
||||
this.publicProperty = param;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Methods
|
||||
public method(): returnType {
|
||||
return value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Getters and setters
|
||||
get property(): type {
|
||||
return this.privateProperty;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
set property(value: type) {
|
||||
this.privateProperty = value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Static method
|
||||
static staticMethod(): returnType {
|
||||
return value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Inheritance
|
||||
class ChildClass extends ParentClass {
|
||||
constructor(param: type) {
|
||||
super(param); // Call parent constructor
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Override method
|
||||
method(): returnType {
|
||||
return super.method(); // Call parent method
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Abstract class
|
||||
abstract class AbstractClass {
|
||||
abstract abstractMethod(): void;
|
||||
|
||||
concreteMethod(): void {
|
||||
console.log("This is implemented");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Key TypeScript Features
|
||||
|
||||
* **Static Typing**: Types are checked at compile-time
|
||||
* **Type Inference**: TypeScript can often infer types automatically
|
||||
* **Optional Typing**: You can gradually add types to existing JavaScript
|
||||
* **Generics**: Create reusable components that work with multiple types
|
||||
* **Interfaces**: Define contracts for objects and classes
|
||||
* **Enums**: Create named constants
|
||||
* **Union Types**: Variables can be one of several types
|
||||
* **Intersection Types**: Combine multiple types
|
||||
* **Type Guards**: Runtime type checking
|
||||
* **Decorators**: Add metadata to classes and methods
|
||||
|
||||
### Compilation
|
||||
|
||||
* TypeScript code must be compiled to JavaScript before execution
|
||||
* The TypeScript compiler (`tsc`) performs type checking and transpilation
|
||||
* Configuration is managed through `tsconfig.json`
|
||||
* TypeScript can target different JavaScript versions (ES5, ES6, etc.)
|
||||
* Source maps can be generated for debugging compiled code
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample TypeScript Code
|
||||
|
||||
**hello.ts**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// TypeScript source code
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
name: string;
|
||||
age: number;
|
||||
isActive?: boolean;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class UserManager {
|
||||
private users: User[] = [];
|
||||
|
||||
addUser(user: User): void {
|
||||
this.users.push(user);
|
||||
console.log(`Added user: ${user.name}`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
getActiveUsers(): User[] {
|
||||
return this.users.filter(user => user.isActive ?? true);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
getUserCount(): number {
|
||||
return this.users.length;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic function
|
||||
function processData<T>(data: T[], processor: (item: T) => T): T[] {
|
||||
return data.map(processor);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
const userManager = new UserManager();
|
||||
|
||||
const newUser: User = {
|
||||
name: "John Doe",
|
||||
age: 30,
|
||||
isActive: true
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
userManager.addUser(newUser);
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrow functions with types
|
||||
const formatUser = (user: User): string =>
|
||||
`${user.name} (${user.age} years old)`;
|
||||
|
||||
// Union types and type guards
|
||||
function displayInfo(value: string | number | boolean): string {
|
||||
if (typeof value === "string") {
|
||||
return `Text: ${value.toUpperCase()}`;
|
||||
} else if (typeof value === "number") {
|
||||
return `Number: ${value.toFixed(2)}`;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
return `Boolean: ${value ? "Yes" : "No"}`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
console.log(displayInfo("hello"));
|
||||
console.log(displayInfo(42.567));
|
||||
console.log(displayInfo(true));
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Compilation Commands
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Compile single file
|
||||
tsc hello.ts
|
||||
|
||||
# Compile with specific target
|
||||
tsc hello.ts --target ES2020
|
||||
|
||||
# Compile with source maps
|
||||
tsc hello.ts --sourceMap
|
||||
|
||||
# Watch mode (recompile on changes)
|
||||
tsc hello.ts --watch
|
||||
|
||||
# Compile all files in project
|
||||
tsc
|
||||
|
||||
# Check for errors without generating files
|
||||
tsc --noEmit
|
||||
|
||||
# Compile with strict mode
|
||||
tsc hello.ts --strict
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Compiled JavaScript Output
|
||||
|
||||
**hello.js** (compiled from above TypeScript)
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
"use strict";
|
||||
// JavaScript output (target ES2017)
|
||||
class UserManager {
|
||||
constructor() {
|
||||
this.users = [];
|
||||
}
|
||||
addUser(user) {
|
||||
this.users.push(user);
|
||||
console.log(`Added user: ${user.name}`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
getActiveUsers() {
|
||||
return this.users.filter(user => user.isActive ?? true);
|
||||
}
|
||||
getUserCount() {
|
||||
return this.users.length;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Generic function (types removed)
|
||||
function processData(data, processor) {
|
||||
return data.map(processor);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
const userManager = new UserManager();
|
||||
const newUser = {
|
||||
name: "John Doe",
|
||||
age: 30,
|
||||
isActive: true
|
||||
};
|
||||
userManager.addUser(newUser);
|
||||
// Arrow functions
|
||||
const formatUser = (user) => `${user.name} (${user.age} years old)`;
|
||||
// Type guards remain as runtime checks
|
||||
function displayInfo(value) {
|
||||
if (typeof value === "string") {
|
||||
return `Text: ${value.toUpperCase()}`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (typeof value === "number") {
|
||||
return `Number: ${value.toFixed(2)}`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
return `Boolean: ${value ? "Yes" : "No"}`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.log(displayInfo("hello"));
|
||||
console.log(displayInfo(42.567));
|
||||
console.log(displayInfo(true));
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### tsconfig.json Configuration
|
||||
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"compilerOptions": {
|
||||
// Basic Options
|
||||
"target": "ES2020", // Target JavaScript version
|
||||
"module": "commonjs", // Module system
|
||||
"lib": ["ES2020", "DOM"], // Include library files
|
||||
"outDir": "./dist", // Output directory
|
||||
"rootDir": "./src", // Input directory
|
||||
"strict": true, // Enable strict type checking
|
||||
|
||||
// Additional Checks
|
||||
"noUnusedLocals": true, // Error on unused variables
|
||||
"noUnusedParameters": true, // Error on unused parameters
|
||||
"noImplicitReturns": true, // Error on missing return statements
|
||||
"noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true, // Error on fallthrough cases
|
||||
|
||||
// Module Resolution
|
||||
"moduleResolution": "node", // Module resolution strategy
|
||||
"baseUrl": "./", // Base directory
|
||||
"paths": { // Path mapping
|
||||
"@/*": ["src/*"],
|
||||
"@utils/*": ["src/utils/*"]
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
||||
// Source Maps & Debugging
|
||||
"sourceMap": true, // Generate source maps
|
||||
"inlineSourceMap": false, // Don't inline source maps
|
||||
"declaration": true, // Generate .d.ts files
|
||||
"declarationMap": true, // Generate .d.ts.map files
|
||||
|
||||
// Experimental
|
||||
"experimentalDecorators": true, // Enable decorators
|
||||
"emitDecoratorMetadata": true, // Emit decorator metadata
|
||||
|
||||
// JavaScript Support
|
||||
"allowJs": true, // Allow JavaScript files
|
||||
"checkJs": false, // Type check JavaScript files
|
||||
|
||||
// Other Options
|
||||
"esModuleInterop": true, // CommonJS/ES6 interop
|
||||
"skipLibCheck": true, // Skip lib.d.ts type checking
|
||||
"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true, // Consistent file names
|
||||
"removeComments": true, // Remove comments from output
|
||||
"noEmitOnError": true // Don't emit if there are errors
|
||||
},
|
||||
"include": [
|
||||
"src/**/*", // Include all files in src
|
||||
"tests/**/*" // Include test files
|
||||
],
|
||||
"exclude": [
|
||||
"node_modules", // Exclude node_modules
|
||||
"dist", // Exclude output directory
|
||||
"**/*.test.ts", // Exclude test files from compilation
|
||||
"**/*.spec.ts"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"files": [
|
||||
// Explicitly include specific files (optional)
|
||||
"src/main.ts"
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Package.json Scripts
|
||||
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"name": "typescript-project",
|
||||
"version": "1.0.0",
|
||||
"scripts": {
|
||||
"build": "tsc",
|
||||
"start": "node dist/main.js",
|
||||
"dev": "ts-node src/main.ts",
|
||||
"watch": "tsc --watch",
|
||||
"clean": "rm -rf dist",
|
||||
"type-check": "tsc --noEmit"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"devDependencies": {
|
||||
"typescript": "^4.9.0",
|
||||
"ts-node": "^10.9.0",
|
||||
"@types/node": "^18.0.0"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Compilation Examples with Different Targets
|
||||
|
||||
**Original TypeScript:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
const greet = (name: string = "World"): string => `Hello, ${name}!`;
|
||||
const user = { name: "Alice", age: 30 };
|
||||
const { name, age } = user;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Compiled to ES5:**
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
var greet = function (name) {
|
||||
if (name === void 0) { name = "World"; }
|
||||
return "Hello, " + name + "!";
|
||||
};
|
||||
var user = { name: "Alice", age: 30 };
|
||||
var name = user.name, age = user.age;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Compiled to ES2020:**
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
const greet = (name = "World") => `Hello, ${name}!`;
|
||||
const user = { name: "Alice", age: 30 };
|
||||
const { name, age } = user;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Error Examples
|
||||
|
||||
**TypeScript with errors:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Type errors that prevent compilation
|
||||
let message: string = 42; // Error: Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'
|
||||
let numbers: number[] = ["a", "b"]; // Error: Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'
|
||||
|
||||
function add(a: number, b: number): number {
|
||||
return a + b;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
add("hello", "world"); // Error: Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Compiler output:**
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
$ tsc error-example.ts
|
||||
error-example.ts(2,5): error TS2322: Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'.
|
||||
error-example.ts(3,5): error TS2322: Type 'string[]' is not assignable to type 'number[]'.
|
||||
error-example.ts(8,5): error TS2345: Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'.
|
||||
```
|
||||
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ cat /proc/<process_id>/maps # Show the current virtual memory usage of a Linux
|
||||
ip r # Display ip of the server
|
||||
|
||||
lsof -i :9000 # List process running on port 9000
|
||||
kill -9 $(lsof -t -i:PORT) # Kill the process running on whichever port specified
|
||||
|
||||
journalctl -u minio.service -n 100 --no-pager # List last 100 logs for specific service
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+25
-80
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
# VIM CHEATSHEET
|
||||
# WEBSITE: http://www.vim.org/
|
||||
# WEBSITE: http://www.vim.org/
|
||||
# DOCUMENTATION: https://vim.sourceforge.io/docs.php
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -20,15 +20,13 @@ e jump to end of words (punctuation considered words)
|
||||
E jump to end of words (no punctuation)
|
||||
b jump backward by words (punctuation considered words)
|
||||
B jump backward by words (no punctuation)
|
||||
ge jump backward to end of a word
|
||||
gE jump backwards to the end of a word (words can contain punctuation)
|
||||
ge jump backward to end of words
|
||||
0 (zero) start of line
|
||||
^ first non-blank character of line
|
||||
$ jump to the end of the line
|
||||
g_ jump to the last non-blank character of the line
|
||||
- move line upwards, on the first non-blank character
|
||||
+ move line downwards, on the first non-blank character
|
||||
<enter> move line downwards, on the first non-blank character
|
||||
$ end of line
|
||||
- move line upwards, on the first non blank character
|
||||
+ move line downwards, on the first non blank character
|
||||
<enter> move line downwards, on the first non blank character
|
||||
gg go to first line
|
||||
G go to last line
|
||||
ngg go to line n
|
||||
@@ -40,6 +38,10 @@ nG go To line n
|
||||
} move the cursor a paragraph forwards
|
||||
]] move the cursor a section forwards or to the next {
|
||||
[[ move the cursor a section backwards or the previous {
|
||||
CTRL-f move the cursor forward by a screen of text
|
||||
CTRL-b move the cursor backward by a screen of text
|
||||
CTRL-u move the cursor up by half a screen
|
||||
CTRL-d move the cursor down by half a screen
|
||||
H move the cursor to the top of the screen.
|
||||
M move the cursor to the middle of the screen.
|
||||
L move the cursor to the bottom of the screen.
|
||||
@@ -47,16 +49,6 @@ fx search line forward for 'x'
|
||||
Fx search line backward for 'x'
|
||||
tx search line forward before 'x'
|
||||
Tx search line backward before 'x'
|
||||
CTRL-y moves screen up one line
|
||||
CTRL-e moves screen down one line
|
||||
CTRL-u moves cursor & screen up ½ page
|
||||
CTRL-d moves cursor & screen down ½ page
|
||||
CTRL-b moves screen up one page, cursor to last line
|
||||
CTRL-f moves screen down one page, cursor to first line
|
||||
zz shift current line to middle of screen
|
||||
z. same as zz but also jumps to the first non-black character
|
||||
zt shift current line to top of screen
|
||||
zb shift current line to bottom of screen
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
@@ -68,15 +60,8 @@ zb shift current line to bottom of screen
|
||||
ma make a bookmark named a at the current cursor position
|
||||
`a go to position of bookmark a
|
||||
'a go to the line with bookmark a
|
||||
`0 go to the position where Vim was previously exited
|
||||
`" go to the position when last editing this file
|
||||
`. go to the line that you last edited
|
||||
`` go to the position before the last jump
|
||||
g, go to newer position in change list
|
||||
g; go to older position in change list
|
||||
|
||||
# Tip: To jump to a mark you can either use a backtick (`) or an apostrophe (').
|
||||
# Using an apostrophe jumps to the beginning (first non-blank) of the line holding the mark.
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
# INSERT MODE
|
||||
@@ -85,13 +70,10 @@ g; go to older position in change list
|
||||
|
||||
i start insert mode at cursor
|
||||
I insert at the beginning of the line
|
||||
gi return to insert mode where you inserted text the last time
|
||||
gI like "I", but always start in column 1
|
||||
a append after the cursor
|
||||
A append at the end of the line
|
||||
o open (append) blank line below current line
|
||||
O open blank line above current line
|
||||
CTRL-o Temporarily enter normal mode to issue one normal-mode command(while in insert mode)
|
||||
Esc exit insert mode
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -102,25 +84,10 @@ Esc exit insert mode
|
||||
|
||||
r replace a single character (does not use insert mode)
|
||||
R enter Insert mode, replacing characters rather than inserting
|
||||
J join line below to the current one with one space in between
|
||||
gJ join line below to the current one without space in between
|
||||
J join line below to the current one
|
||||
cc change (replace) an entire line
|
||||
cw change (replace) to the end of word (same as ce)
|
||||
2cw change (replace) repeat cw twice
|
||||
ciw change (replace) word under the cursor
|
||||
caw change (replace) word under the cursor and the space after or before it
|
||||
ci" change (replace) word inside ""
|
||||
cit change (replace) html tag content
|
||||
cat change (replace) html tag
|
||||
cis change (replace) sentence under the cursor
|
||||
cas change (replace) sentence under the cursor and the space after or before it
|
||||
cib change (replace) inside a block with ()
|
||||
cab change (replace) a block with ()
|
||||
ciB change (replace) inside a block with {}
|
||||
caB change (replace) a block with {}
|
||||
C change (replace) to the end of line(same as c$)
|
||||
cG change (replace) to the end of the file
|
||||
cgg change (replace) from first line to current line
|
||||
cw change (replace) to the end of word
|
||||
C change (replace) to the end of line
|
||||
ct' change (replace) until the ' character (can change ' for any character)
|
||||
s delete character at cursor and substitute text
|
||||
S delete line at cursor and substitute text (same as cc)
|
||||
@@ -135,7 +102,6 @@ guiw make current word lowercase
|
||||
gU$ make uppercase until end of line
|
||||
gu$ make lowercase until end of line
|
||||
>> indent line one column to right
|
||||
>i{ indent everything in the {}
|
||||
<< indent line one column to left
|
||||
== auto-indent current line
|
||||
ddp swap current line with next
|
||||
@@ -144,7 +110,6 @@ ddkP swap current line with previous
|
||||
:r [name] insert the file [name] below the cursor.
|
||||
:r !{cmd} execute {cmd} and insert its standard output below the cursor.
|
||||
|
||||
# Tip: Instead of b or B one can also use ( or { respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
# DELETING TEXT
|
||||
@@ -153,15 +118,10 @@ ddkP swap current line with previous
|
||||
|
||||
x delete current character
|
||||
X delete previous character
|
||||
dw delete (cut) to the end of word (same as de)
|
||||
diw delete (cut) word under the cursor
|
||||
daw delete (cut) word under the cursor and the space after or before it
|
||||
dap delete (cut) a paragraph
|
||||
dw delete the current word
|
||||
dd delete (cut) a line
|
||||
dt' delete (cut) until the next ' character on the line (replace ' by any character)
|
||||
dG delete (cut) to the end of the file
|
||||
dgg delete (cut) from first line to current line
|
||||
D delete (cut) from cursor to end of line (same as d$)
|
||||
dt' delete until the next ' character on the line (replace ' by any character)
|
||||
D delete from cursor to end of line
|
||||
:[range]d delete [range] lines
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -176,10 +136,6 @@ yy yank (copy) a line
|
||||
y$ yank to end of line
|
||||
p put (paste) the clipboard after cursor/current line
|
||||
P put (paste) before cursor/current line
|
||||
gp put (paste) the clipboard after cursor and leave cursor after the new text
|
||||
gP put (paste) before cursor and leave cursor after the new text
|
||||
"+y yank into the system clipboard register
|
||||
"+p paste from the system clipboard register
|
||||
:set paste avoid unexpected effects in pasting
|
||||
:registers display the contents of all registers
|
||||
"xyw yank word into register x
|
||||
@@ -191,12 +147,6 @@ gP put (paste) before cursor and leave cursor after the new tex
|
||||
"xgP just like "P", but leave the cursor just after the new text
|
||||
:[line]put x put the text from register x after [line]
|
||||
|
||||
# Tip: if you are using vim extension on vs code, you can enable
|
||||
"vim.useSystemClipboard": true
|
||||
in setting.json, this will allow to Use system clipboard for unnamed register.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
# MACROS
|
||||
@@ -207,7 +157,6 @@ qa start recording macro 'a'
|
||||
q end recording macro
|
||||
@a replay macro 'a'
|
||||
@: replay last command
|
||||
@@ repeat macro
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
@@ -223,11 +172,9 @@ CTRL-v start visual block mode
|
||||
O move to other corner of block
|
||||
aw mark a word
|
||||
ab a () block (with braces)
|
||||
aB a {} block (with brackets)
|
||||
at a block with <> tags
|
||||
ab a {} block (with brackets)
|
||||
ib inner () block
|
||||
iB inner {} block
|
||||
it inner <> block
|
||||
ib inner {} block
|
||||
Esc exit visual mode
|
||||
|
||||
VISUAL MODE COMMANDS
|
||||
@@ -247,7 +194,6 @@ v% selects matching parenthesis
|
||||
vi{ selects matching curly brace
|
||||
vi" selects text between double quotes
|
||||
vi' selects text between single quotes
|
||||
gv reselect the last selected area
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
# SPELLING
|
||||
@@ -294,7 +240,7 @@ set ic ignore case: turn on
|
||||
set noic ignore case: turn off
|
||||
:%s/old/new/g replace all old with new throughout file
|
||||
:%s/old/new/gc replace all old with new throughout file with confirmation
|
||||
:argdo %s/old/new/gc | wq open multiple files and run this command to replace old
|
||||
:argdo %s/old/new/gc | wq open multiple files and run this command to replace old
|
||||
with new in every file with confirmation, save and quit
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -337,6 +283,7 @@ CTRL-w < increase window width
|
||||
CTRL-w > decrease window width
|
||||
CTRL-w = equal window
|
||||
CTRL-w o close other windows
|
||||
zz Centers the window to the current line
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
@@ -359,14 +306,12 @@ clast display the last error
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
% show matching brace, bracket, or parenthese
|
||||
gf edit the file whose name is under the cursor
|
||||
gF edit the file whose name is under the cursor and jump to the line number
|
||||
gf edit the file whose name is under or after the cursor
|
||||
gd when the cursor is on a local variable or function, jump to its declaration
|
||||
'' return to the line where the cursor was before the latest jump
|
||||
gi return to insert mode where you inserted text the last time
|
||||
CTRL-o move to previous position you were at
|
||||
CTRL-i move to more recent position you were at
|
||||
:set nu display numbers (short for :set number)
|
||||
:set nonu hide numbers (short for :set nonumber)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##############################################################################
|
||||
@@ -540,7 +485,7 @@ CTRL-n jump to the next empty tag / attribute
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
cs'" change surrounding quotes to double-quotes
|
||||
cs(} change surrounding parens to braces
|
||||
cs(} change surrounding parens to braces
|
||||
cs({ change surrounding parens to braces with space
|
||||
ds' delete surrounding quotes
|
||||
dst delete surrounding tags
|
||||
@@ -648,7 +593,7 @@ jj exit insertion mode
|
||||
|
||||
<leader>/ clear the search register
|
||||
|
||||
<leader>h toggle hidden characters
|
||||
<leader>h toggle hidden characters
|
||||
|
||||
<leader>W strip all trailing whitespace
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -716,5 +661,5 @@ CTRL-y go to next tag of attribute in sparkup plugin
|
||||
<leader>g toggle Gundo window
|
||||
|
||||
IMG<CR> show image browser to insert image tag with src, width and height
|
||||
b insert image tag with dimensions from NERDTree
|
||||
b insert image tag with dimensions from NERDTree
|
||||
(http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5707925/vim-image-placement)
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user