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test
This commit is contained in:
Ajay T Shaju
195
languages/C.md
195
languages/C.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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### main() Function
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#### main() Function
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* The main() function is the starting point of the program: `int main (int argc, char *argv[])`
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* The return type of the main() function is an integer (type int) and it is known as the `return value` of the program.
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@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@
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---
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## Include Files
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### Include Files
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* The purpose of these files is to tell the compiler about the existence of external functions which the source code will make use of.
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* The purpose of these files is to tell the compiler about the `existence of external functions which the source code will make use of.`
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---
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## Preprocessor directives:
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### Preprocessor directives:
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| Directive | Description |
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|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|
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@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
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---
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## Create and execute a program
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### Create and execute a program
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In Linux systems:
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@@ -47,3 +47,188 @@ In Linux systems:
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3. Write the program and save it
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4. gcc -o nameExecutable nameProgram.c (eg: gcc -o nameProgram_output nameProgram.c)
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---
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### Reserved words (32)
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| Term | Description |
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|------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `auto` | Optional local declaration |
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| `break` | Used to exit a loop and used to exit a `switch` statement |
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| `case` | Choice in a `switch` statement |
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| `char` | Basic declaration of a type character |
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| `const` | Prefix declaration meaning the variable cannot be changed |
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| `continue` | Go to the bottom of a loop in `for`, `while`, and `do` loops |
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| `default` | Optional last case of a `switch` statement |
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| `do` | Executable statement, `do-while` loop |
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| `double` | Basic declaration of double precision floating point |
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| `else` | Executable statement, part of an "if" structure |
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| `enum` | Basic declaration of enumeration type |
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| `extern` | Prefix declaration meaning the variable is defined externally |
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| `float` | Basic declaration of floating point |
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| `for` | Executable statement, `for` loop |
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| `goto` | Jump within a function to a label |
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| `if` | Executable statement |
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| `int` | Basic declaration of an integer |
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| `long` | Prefix declaration applying to many types |
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| `register` | Prefix declaration meaning to keep a variable in a register |
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| `return` | Executable statement with or without a value |
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| `short` | Prefix declaration applying to many types |
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| `signed` | Prefix declaration applying to some types |
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| `sizeof` | Operator applying to variables and types, gives size in bytes |
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| `static` | Prefix declaration to make a local variable static |
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| `struct` | Declaration of a structure, like a record |
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| `switch` | Executable statement for cases |
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| `typedef` | Creates a new type name for an existing type |
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| `union` | Declaration of variables that share the same memory locations |
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| `unsigned` | Prefix declaration applying to some types |
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| `void` | Declaration of a typeless variable |
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| `volatile` | Prefix declaration meaning the variable can be changed at any time |
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| `while` | Executable statement, `while` loop or `do-while` loop |
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---
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### Basic types
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| Type | Description |
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|---------|--------------------------------------------------------|
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| `char` | Character type, usually one byte (a string is an array of `char`) |
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| `int` | Integer type, usually 2 or 4 bytes (default) |
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| `float` | Floating-point type, usually 4 bytes |
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| `double`| Floating-point type, usually 8 bytes |
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| `void` | No type, typeless |
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| `enum` | Enumeration type (user defines the type name) |
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---
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### Type modifiers, prefix for basic types
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| Modifier | Description |
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|------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
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| `signed` | Has a sign (default) |
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| `unsigned` | No sign bit in the variable |
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| `long` | Longer version of a type (e.g., `long int`) |
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| `short` | Shorter version of a type (e.g., `short int`) |
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| `const` | Variable cannot be modified or stored into |
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---
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### Storage Types
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| Prefix | Description |
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|-----------|-------------------------------------------------------|
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| `auto` | Local variable (default) |
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| `static` | Permanent, exists beyond function scope (not `auto`) |
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| `volatile`| Can change from external influences |
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| `extern` | Variables are defined elsewhere, externally |
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| `register`| Suggests that the variable should be stored in a register if possible |
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---
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### Operators
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| Operator | Description |
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|----------|----------------------------------------------------|
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| `( )` | Grouping parenthesis, function call |
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| `[ ]` | Array indexing, also `[ ][ ]` etc. |
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| `->` | Selector, structure pointer |
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| `.` | Select structure element |
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| `!` | Relational not, complement, `!a` yields true or false |
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| `~` | Bitwise not, ones complement, `~a` |
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| `++` | Increment, pre or post to a variable |
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| `--` | Decrement, pre or post to a variable |
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| `-` | Unary minus, `-a` |
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| `+` | Unary plus, `+a` |
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| `*` | Indirect, the value of a pointer, `*p` is the value at pointer `p` address |
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| `&` | The memory address, `&b` is the memory address of variable `b` |
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| `sizeof` | Size in bytes, `sizeof a` or `sizeof (int)` |
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| `(type)` | Cast, explicit type conversion, `(float)i`, `(*fun)(a, b)`, `(int*)x` |
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| `*` | Multiply, `a * b` |
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| `/` | Divide, `a / b` |
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| `%` | Modulo, `a % b` |
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| `+` | Add, `a + b` |
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| `-` | Subtract, `a - b` |
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| `<<` | Shift left, left operand is shifted left by right operand bits |
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| `>>` | Shift right, left operand is shifted right by right operand bits |
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| `<` | Less than, result is true or false, `a < b` |
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| `<=` | Less than or equal, result is true or false, `a <= b` |
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| `>` | Greater than, result is true or false, `a > b` |
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| `>=` | Greater than or equal, result is true or false, `a >= b` |
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| `==` | Equal, result is true or false, `a == b` |
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| `!=` | Not equal, result is true or false, `a != b` |
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| `&` | Bitwise and, `a & b` |
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| `^` | Bitwise exclusive or, `a ^ b` |
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| | | Bitwise or, `a | b` |
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| `&&` | Relational and, result is true or false, `a < b && c >= d` |
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| | | | Relational or, result is true or false, `a < b || c >= d` |
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| `?` | Ternary conditional, `exp1 ? exp2 : exp3`, result is `exp2` if `exp1` is not 0, else result is `exp3` |
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| `=` | Store |
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| `+=` | Add and store |
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| `-=` | Subtract and store |
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| `*=` | Multiply and store |
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| `/=` | Divide and store |
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| `%=` | Modulo and store |
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| `<<=` | Shift left and store |
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| `>>=` | Shift right and store |
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| `&=` | Bitwise and and store |
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| `^=` | Bitwise exclusive or and store |
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| | = | Bitwise or and store |
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| `,` | Separator, as in `(y = x, z = ++x)` |
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---
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### Operator precedence
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#### More precedence
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| Associativity | Operators |
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|---------------|---------------------------------------------------|
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| LR | `( )`, `[ ]`, `->`, `.`, `x++`, `x--` |
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| RL | `!`, `~`, `-`, `+`, `++x`, `--x`, `*`, `&`, `sizeof (type)` |
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| LR | `*`, `/`, `%` |
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| LR | `+`, `-` |
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| LR | `<<`, `>>` |
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| LR | `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=` |
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| LR | `==`, `!=` |
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| LR | `&` |
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| LR | `^` |
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| LR | `|` |
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| LR | `&&` |
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| LR | `||` |
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| RL | `? :` |
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| RL | `=`, `+=`, `-=` ,`*=`, `/=`, `%=`, `>>=`, `<<=`, `&=`, `^=`, `|=` |
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| LR | `,` |
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#### Less precedence
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---
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### Conditional Branching
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if ( condition ) statement ;
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else statement_2 ; /* optional else clause */
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---
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### Switch statement
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switch ( expression ) /* constants must be unique */
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{
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case constant_1: /* do nothing for this case */
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break;
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case constant_2: /* drop through and do same constant_3 */
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case constant_3:
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statement_sequence /* can have but does not need { } */
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break;
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case constant_4:
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statement_sequence /* does this and next statement_sequence also*/
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case constant_5:
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statement_sequence
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break;
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default: /* default executes if no constant equals*/
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statement_sequence /* the expression. This is optional */
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}
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---
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---
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139
languages/C.txt
139
languages/C.txt
@@ -1,119 +1,4 @@
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32 Reserved words
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Term Description
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auto optional local declaration
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break used to exit loop and used to exit switch
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case choice in a switch
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char basic declaration of a type character
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const prefix declaration meaning variable can not be changed
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continue go to bottom of loop in for, while and do loops
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default optional last case of a switch
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do executable statement, do-while loop
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double basic declaration double precision floating point
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else executable statement, part of "if" structure
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enum basic declaration of enumeration type
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extern prefix declaration meaning variable is defined externally
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float basic declaration of floating point
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for executable statement, for loop
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goto jump within function to a label
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if executable statement
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int basic declaration of integer
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long prefix declaration applying to many types
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register prefix declaration meaning keep variable in register
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return executable statement with or without a value
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short prefix declaration applying to many types
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signed prefix declaration applying to some types
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sizeof operator applying to variables and types, gives size in bytes
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static prefix declaration to make local variable static
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struct declaration of a structure, like a record
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switch executable statement for cases
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typedef creates a new type name for an existing type
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union declaration of variables that are in the same memory locations
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unsigned prefix declaration applying to some types
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void declaration of a typeless variable
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volatile prefix declaration meaning the variable can be changed at any time
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while executable statement, while loop or do-while loop
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Basic types
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Type Description
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char character type, usually one byte ( a string is array of char )
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int integer type, usually 2 or 4 bytes ( default )
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float floating point type, usually 4 bytes
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double floating point type, usually 8 bytes
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void no type, typeless
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enum enumeration type ( user defines the type name )
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Type modifiers, prefix for basic types
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Modifiers Description
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signed has a sign ( default )
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unsigned no sign bit in variable
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long longer version of type (short or long alone means short int or
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short shorter version of type long int because int is the default)
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const variable can not be stored into
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Storage Types
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Prefix Description
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auto local variable ( default )
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static permanent when function exits, not auto
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volatile can change from outside influence
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extern variables are defined elsewhere, externally
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register assign variable to register
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Operators
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( ) grouping parenthesis, function call
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[ ] array indexing, also [ ][ ] etc.
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-> selector, structure pointer
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. select structure element
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! relational not, complement, ! a yields true or false
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~ bitwise not, ones complement, ~ a
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++ increment, pre or post to a variable
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-- decrement, pre or post to a variable
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- unary minus, - a
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+ unary plus, + a
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* indirect, the value of a pointer, * p is value at pointer p address
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& the memory address, & b is the memory address of variable b
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sizeof size in bytes, sizeof a or sizeof (int)
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(type) a cast, explicit type conversion, (float) i, (*fun)(a,b), (int*)x
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* multiply, a * b
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/ divide, a / b
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% modulo, a % b
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+ add, a + b
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- subtract, a - b
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<< shift left, left operand is shifted left by right operand bits
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>> shift right, left operand is shifted right by right operand bits
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< less than, result is true or false, a %lt; b
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<= less than or equal, result is true or false, a <= b
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> greater than, result is true or false, a > b
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>= greater than or equal, result is true or false, a >= b
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== equal, result is true or false, a == b
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!= not equal, result is true or false, a != b
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& bitwise and, a & b
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^ bitwise exclusive or, a ^ b
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| bitwise or, a | b
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&& relational and, result is true or false, a < b && c >= d
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|| relational or, result is true or false, a < b || c >= d
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? exp1 ? exp2 : exp3 result is exp2 if exp1 != 0, else result is exp3
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= store
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+= add and store
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-= subtract and store
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*= multiply and store
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/= divide and store
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%= modulo and store
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<<= shift left and store
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>>= shift right and store
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&= bitwise and and store
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^= bitwise exclusive or and store
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|= bitwise or and store
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, separator as in ( y=x,z=++x )
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Operator precedence
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More precedence
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@@ -136,30 +21,6 @@ LR ,
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Less precedence
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Conditional branching
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if ( condition ) statement ;
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else statement_2 ; /* optional else clause */
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Switch statement
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switch ( expression ) /* constants must be unique */
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{
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case constant_1: /* do nothing for this case */
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break;
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case constant_2: /* drop through and do same as constant_3*/
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case constant_3:
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statement_sequence /* can have but does not need { } */
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break;
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case constant_4:
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statement_sequence /* does this and next */
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/* statement_sequence also*/
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case constant_5:
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statement_sequence
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break;
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default: /* default executes if no constant equals*/
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statement_sequence /* the expression. This is optional */
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}
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Function definition
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user