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#DATA TYPES
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1)void - type with empty set of values.There is no structure assosciated with void except pointers.
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std::nullptr_t is a special pointer that is not itself a pointer type.
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2) int - stores an integer value .
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4 bytes C++ standard since C11. (for 16-bit OS its 2 bytes)
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Hence,int value ranges from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
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3) float - stores an decimal value.
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4 bytes .
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4) char - stores a single character value(ASCII values)
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1 byte.(0 to 255)
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5) bool - stores a boolean value.(true or false)
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1 byte.
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stores a value 0 or 1 indicating tue or false.
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# MODIFIERS
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C++ has modifiers for extending the limits of the basic data types for some advanced calculation.There are 2 types of Modifiers:-
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1)Signedness
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# signed - by default,target will have signed representation ,which means a variable can take negative values.
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# unsigned - target data type will be unsigned means only positive(absolute) values will be taken by that type.
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2) Size
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# short - Target data type will have a width of atleast 2 bytes.The data type is optimized for lower bounds using less space.
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# long - Target data type will have a width of atleast 4 bytes.
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# long long - Target data type will have a width of at least 8 bytes.
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Character Types
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1) signed char
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2) unsigned char
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3) char
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4) wchar_t
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Float Types
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1) float
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2) double
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3) long double
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# DATA STRUCTURES
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1) ARRAYS
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to declare an array of any type : data_type name_of_array[size of array];
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array cannot be re-intialized with the number of elements.
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2) LINKED LIST
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a linked list in cpp is built-in in the form of vectors
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to declare an vector(linked list) in cpp : vector<data_type> name;
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you have to include vector library. #include<vector>
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3) STACK
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to make a stack in cpp : stack<data_type> name;
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you have to include stack library .#include<stack>
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4) QUEUE
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to make a queue in cpp : queue<data_type> name;
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you have to include queue library .#include<queue>
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cout<<"Anything"<<variables<<endl;
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* This prints text on console (Console OUTput).
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cin>>x;
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* This inputs data from user and stores in specified variables.
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cin.getline(variable,characters in it)
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* This is specially used for white sapced (Spaces) input.
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* Declare a variable named x
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DataType Description
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int x; // Integer var named x
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char x; // Character var stores one alphabet,numerics,special symbol and is one byte.
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string x; // Characterd back to back
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bool x; // Boolean value (1 or 0)(true or false)
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float x; // Real values (decimal numbers)
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*
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#KEYWORDS (reserved words ,have special functionality).There are 97 keywords in C++ as of C20 standard.
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1) alignas -specifies the alignment requirement of a type or an object.
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2) alignof -queries alignment requirements of a type.
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3) and -logical and operator.(alternative to &&)
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4) and_eq -bitwise and operator .(alternative to &= ,x&=y or x=x&y)
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5) asm -embed assembly code within C++ program.
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6) atomic_cancel -
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7) atomic_commit -
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8) atomic_noexcept
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9) auto -automatic intializer or return type evaluated.
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10) bitand -alternative for bitwise and. (&)
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11) bitor -alternative for bitwise or. (|)
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12) bool -data type,capable of holding either true or false.
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13) break -terminating statement for, loops and switch statements.
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14) case -transfer control to one of the several statements depending on the value of conditions.
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15) catch -used in exception handling.
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16) char -data type character.
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17) char8_t -character data type 1 byte.(UTF-8 bit character)
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18) char16_t -character data type 2 bytes.(UTF-16 bit character)
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19) char32_t -character data type 4 bytes.(UTF-32 bit character)
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20) class -declaration of user-defined data types.
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21) compl -compliment operator.(alternative to ~)
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22) concept -named set of requirements.
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23) const -defines that the type is constant.
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24) consteval -specifies that a function is an immediate function.
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25) constexpr -specifies that the value of a variable or function can appear in constant expression.
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26) constinit -asserts that a variable has static intialization.
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27) const_cast -converts between types with different cv-qualification.
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28) continue -causes the remaining body of loops to be skipped.
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29) co_await -suspend operation until resumed.
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30) co_return -complete execution returning a value.
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31) co_yield -suspend execution returning a value.
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32) decltype -inspects the declared type of an entity or the type and value category of an expression.
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33) default -transfer control to one of the several statements,explicitly defaultedfunction definition.
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34) delete -destroy previously allocated objects,ill-formed functions.
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35) do -do-while loop.(executes a statement repeatedly,until condition is false)
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36) double -double precision floating point.
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37) dynamic_cast -safely converts pointers and references to classes along the inheritance hierarchy.
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38) else -if the bool value of if() is false then this block gets executed.
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39) enum -enumeration is a distinct type whose value is restricted to a range of values.
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40) explicit -specifies that a constructor or conversion function cannot be used for implicit conversions and copy initialization.
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41) export -exports all namespace-scope declaration.
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42) extern -applies the language specification for external linkages of function names,types and variables.
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43) false -a boolean literal indicating condition is not satisfied.
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44) float -data type declaration for floating point numbers.
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45) for -intializes counter once and iterates over and over again incrementing the counter each time ,till the condition is met.Range based for loop executes over a range.
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46) friend -a friend declaration appears in a class body to grants a function or another class access to private and protected members.
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47) goto -transfers control unconditionally.
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48) if -if the condition yields true then the block of code gets executed.
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49) inline -declares a function to be inline function .
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50) int -basic integer data type.
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51) long -target type will have a width of atleast 4 bytes.
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52) mutable -permits modification of class members even if they are declared const.
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53) namespace -provide a method for preventing name conflicts in large projects.
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54) new -creates and initializes objects with dynamic storage duration.
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55) noexcept -performs a compile time check that returns true if an expression is declared not to throw exceptions.
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56) not -alternative operator for !
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57) not_eq -alternative operator for !=
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58) null_ptr -denotes a pointer literal.
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59) operator -customizes C++ operators for operands of user-defined data type
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60) or -alternative to | operator.
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61) or_eq -alternative to |= operator.
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62) private -member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members.
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63) protected -member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members and inherited members of base class.
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64) public - member specification of class/struct or union ,define the accessibility of subsequent members to any subsequent class.
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65) reflexpr -
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66) register -automatic storage duration.
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67) reinterpret_cast -converts between types by reinterpreting the underlying bit pattern.
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68) requires -used to introduce a requires-clause, which specifies constraints on template arguments or on a function declaration.
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69) return -terminates the current function and gives back a specified value to the caller.
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70) short -target type will be optimized for space and will have a width of 2 bytes atleast.
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71) signed -target will have a signed representation.
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72) sizeof -used when actual size of object must be known.
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73) static -specified variables will have static storage duration.
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74) static_asset -performs compile-time assertion check.
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75) static_cast -converts between types using a combination of implicit and user-defined conversions.
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76) struct -class with public member accessibility by default.
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77) switch -transfer control to one of the several statements,depending on the value of condition.
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78) synchronized -
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79) template -template is an entity of family of either classes,functions or variables.
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80) this -a prvalue expression whose value is the address of the implicit object parameter.
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81) thread_local -thread storage duration.
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82) throw -signals and erroneous conditions and executes an error handler.
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83) true -a boolean literal indicating condition is satisfied.
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84) try -associates one or more exception handlers with a compound statement.
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85) typedef -creates an alias that can be used anywhere in place of a type name.
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86) typeid -used where the dynamic type or polymorphic object must be known and for static type identification.
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87) typename -similar word for class.
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88) union -a special class type that can hold only one of its non-static data members at a time.
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89) unsigned -target type will have a unsigned representation.
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90) using -introduces a name that is defines elsewhere into the declarative region .
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91) virtual -virtual functions or classes are defined using the virtual keyword.
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92) void -type with empty set of values.
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93) volatile -defines that the type is volatile.
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94) wchar_t -type for wide character representation.
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95) while -executes statements repeatedly untill the condition becomes false.
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96) xor -alternative operator for ^
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97) xor_eq -alternative operatir for ^=
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#HEADER FILES
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#include<files>
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*This makes the compiler aware that other files are required for the complete working of this source code.
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List of Header files and their respective functions in C++
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1) <cstdlib> General purpose library.
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Function name use cases return type Parameters
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malloc allocates memory void* 1(number of bytes)
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calloc allocates and zeroes memory void* 2(no.of obj,size of each obj)
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realloc expands or shrinks previously allocated memory void* 2(pointer to mem area allocated,new size of array)
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free deallocates previously allocated memory void 1(pointer to memory to deallocate)
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atof converts a byte string to floating point value double 1(string)
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atoll converts a byte string to integer value int/long/long long 1(string)
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strtoull converts a byte string to unsigned integer long/long long 3(str ,str_end ,base)
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strtold convert a byte string to a float point value float/double/lonng double 2(str ,str_end)
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rand generate pseudo-random numbers int 0
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srand seeds pseudo-random number generation void 1(seed)
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qsort sorts range of element with unspecified type. void 4(ptr ,count ,size ,comp)
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bsearch searches an array for an element of unspecified type. void* 5(key ,ptr ,count ,size ,comp)
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abs/llabs completes absolute value of an integer value. int/long/long long 1(int)
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lldiv computes quotient and remainder of integer division obj 2(int,int)
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abort abnormal program termination without cleaning up. void 0
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exit normal program termination with cleaning up. void 1(exit_code)
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mblen returns number of bytes in next multibyte characters. int 2(ptr ,int)
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mbtowc converts a next multilayer character to wide characters. int 3(int , ptr , ptr)
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wctomb converts a next multilayer character to wide characters. int 2(wide char , ptr)
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2) <bitset> general utility library
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operator& performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(and)
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operator| performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(or) }obj 2(lhs ,rhs)
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operator^ performs binary logic operations on bitsets.(xor)
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operator>> performs stream output of bitsets
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operator<< performs stream input of bitsets
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3) <utility> general utility library
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swap swaps the value of two objects. obj 2(a ,b)
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exchange replaces the argument with a new value and returns its previous value. obj 2(obj , new_obj)
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forward forwards a function argument. obj 1(obj)
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move obtains an rvalue refrence. obj 1(obj)
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std::get access an element of a pair. refernce (ptr) 1(obj)
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operator<=> lexicographically compares the value in pair. boolean 2(lhs , rhs)
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in_range checks if an integer value is in the range of a given integer type. boolean 1(obj)
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cmp_equal
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cmp_not_equal
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cmp_less } compares two integer values without value change caused by conversion. boolean 2(u , t )
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cmp_greater
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cmp_less_equal
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cmp_greater_equal
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4) <functional> provudes standard hash functions
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bind_front binds a variable number of arguments,in order,to a function object. obj 2(obj , args)
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bind binds one or more arguments to a function object. obj 2(obj , args)
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ref/cref creates a std::reference_wrapper with a type deduced from its argument. obj 1(ptr to obj)
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invoke invokes any callable object with given arguments. obj 2(obj , args)
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5) <ctime> C-style time/date utility.
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clock returns raw processor clock time since the program started. int (time) 0
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time returns the current time of the system since epoch. obj 1(ptr)
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difftime computes the difference between times. int (time) 2(time_begin , time_end)
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time_spec_get returns the calender time based on a given time base. int 2(ptr , base)
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6) <chrono> C++ time/date utility
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opeartors
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+
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-
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* }implements arithmetic operations with durations as arguments. obj 4(lhs , rhs , d , s)
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/
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%
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operators
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==
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<
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> }compares two durations. obj 2(lhs , rhs )
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<=
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>=
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<=>
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duration cast converts a duration to another. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
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floor converts a duration to another,rounding down. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
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ceil converts a duration to another,rounding up. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
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round converts a duration to another,rounding to nearest,ties to even. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
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abs obtain the absolute value of the duration. time duration(int ,float,etc) 1(duration time)
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7) <algorithm>
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all_of
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any_of } checks for any predicate is true for elements in a range. boolean 4(first ,last, policy ,predicate)
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none_of
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for_each applies a function to a range of elements obj 4(first ,last, policy ,obj)
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for_each_n applies a function to a range of n elements in a sequence integer 4(first ,last, policy ,obj)
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count }returns the number of elements satisfying a criteria. integer 4(first ,last, policy ,predicate)
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count_if
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mismatch finds first position where two ranges differ. obj 6(first1 ,last1 ,first2 ,last2 ,policy ,binary predicate)
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find
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find_if }finds first element which satisfies specific criteria. obj 6(first, last ,policy ,valur,unary predicate,binary predicate)
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find_if
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find_if_not
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find_end finds the last sequence of elements in a range. obj 6(first ,last ,s_first ,s_last, ppolicy ,binary predicate)
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find_first_of searches for any one of a set of elements.
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adjacent_find finds first two adjacent items that are equal.
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search searches for a range of elements.
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search_n searches a range for a number of consecutive copies of an element
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copy }copies a range of elements to a new location
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copy_if
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copy_n copies a range of elements to a new location.
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copy_backward copies a range of elements in backward order.
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move moves a range of elements to a new location.
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move_backward moves a range of elements to a new location in backward location.
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fill copy-assigns the given value to every element in a range.
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fill_n copy-assigns the given value to N elements in a range.
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transform applies a function to a range of elements, storing results in a destination range.
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generate assigns the results of successive function calls to every element in a range .
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generate_n assigns the results of successive function calls to N elements in a range.
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remove }removes elements satisfying specific criteria.
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remove_if
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remove_copy }copies a range of elements omitting those that satisfy specific criteria.
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remove_copy_if
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replace }replaces all values satisfying specific criteria with another value.
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replace_if
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replace_copy }copies a range, replacing elements satisfying specific criteria with another value.
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replace_copy_if
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swap swaps the values of two objects.
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swap_ranges swaps two ranges of elements.
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iter_swap swaps the elements pointed to by two iterators.
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reverse reverses the order of elements in a range.
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reverse_copy creates a copy of a range that is reversed.
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rotate rotates the order of elements in a range.
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rotate_copy copies and rotate a range of elements.
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shift_left }shifts elements in a range.
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shift_right
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shuffle }randomly re-orders elements in a range.
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random_shuffle
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sample selects n random elements from a sequence.
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unique removes consecutive duplicate elements in a range.
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unique_copy creates a copy of some range of elements that contains no consecutive duplicates.
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is_partitioned determines if the range is partitioned by the given predicate.
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partition divides a range of elements into two groups.
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partition_copy copies a range dividing the elements into two groups.
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stable_partition divides elements into two groups while preserving their relative order.
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partition_point locates the partition point of a partitioned range.
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is_sorted }checks whether a range is sorted into ascending order.
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is_sorted_until
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sort sorts a range into ascending order.
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partial_sort sorts the first N elements of a range.
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partial_sirt_copy copies and partially sorts a range of elements.
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stable_sort sorts a range of elements while preserving order between equal elements.
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nth_element partially sorts the given range, partitioned by the given element.
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lower_bound returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given value.
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upper_bound returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value.
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binary_search determines if an element exists in a certain range.
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equal_range returns range of elements matching a specific key.
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merge merges two sorted ranges.
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inplace_merge merges two ordered ranges in-place.
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includes returns true if one sequence is a subsequence of another .
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set_differences computes the difference between two sets.
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set_interactions computes the intersection of two sets.
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set_symmetric_difference computes the symmetric difference between two sets.
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set_union computes the union of two sets.
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is_heap checks if the given range is a max heap.
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is_heap_until finds the largest subrange that is a max heap.
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make_heap creates a max heap out of a range of elements.
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push_heap adds an element to a max heap.
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pop_heap removes the largest element from a max heap.
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sort_heap turns a max heap into a range of elements sorted in ascending order.
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max returns the greater of the given values.
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max_element returns the largest element in a range.
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min returns the smaller of the given values.
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min_element returns the smallest element in a range.
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minmax returns the smaller and larger of two elements.
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minmax_element returns the smallest and the largest elements in a range.
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clamp clamps a value between a pair of boundary values.
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equal determines if two sets of elements are the same.
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lexicographical_compare returns true if one range is lexicographically less than another.
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lexicographical_compare_three_way compares two ranges using three-way comparison.
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is_permutation determines if a sequence is a permutation of another sequence.
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next_permutation generates the next greater lexicographic permutation of a range of elements.
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prev_permutation generates the next smaller lexicographic permutation of a range of elements.
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range::all of the above functions in algorithm
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8) <cmath>
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abs
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fabs }absolute value of a floating point value.
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fabsf
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fabsl
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fmod
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fmodf }remainder of the floating point division operation.
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fmodl
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remainder
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remainderf }signed remainder of the division operation.
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remainderl
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remquo
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remquof }signed remainder as well as the three last bits of the division operation.
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remquol
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fma
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fmaf }fused multiply-add operation.
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fmal
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fmax
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fmaxf }larger of two floating point values.
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fmaxl
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fmin
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fminf }smaller of two floating point values.
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fminl
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fdim
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fdimf }positive difference of two floating point values.
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fdiml
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nan
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nanf }not-a-number (NaN).
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nanl
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lerp linear interpolation function.
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exp expf expl returns e raised to the given power.
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exp2 exp2f exp2l returns 2 raised to the given power.
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expm1 expm1f expm1l returns e raised to the given power, minus one.
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log logf logl computes natural (base e) logarithm.
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log10 log10f log10l computes common (base 10) logarithm.
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log2 log2f log2l base 2 logarithm of the given number.
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log1p log1pf log1pl natural logarithm (to base e) of 1 plus the given number.
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pow powf powl raises a number to the given power.
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sqrt sqrtf sqrtl computes square root.
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cbrt cbrtf cbrtl computes cubic root.
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hypot hypotf hypotl computes square root of the sum of the squares of two or three given numbers.
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sin sinf sinl computes sine.
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cos cosf cosl computes cosine.
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tan tanf tanl computes tangent.
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asin asinf asinl computes arc sine.
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acos acosf acosl computes arc cosine.
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atan atanf atanl computes arc tangent.
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sinh sinhf sinhl computes hyperbolic sine.
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cosh coshf coshl computes hyperbolic cosine.
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tanh tanhf tanhl computes hyperbolic tangent.
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asinh asinhf asinhl computes the inverse hyperbolic sine.
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acosh acochf acoshl computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine.
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atanh atanhf atanhl computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent.
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erf erff erfl error function.
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erfc erfcf erfcl complementary error function.
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tgamma tgammaf tgammal gamma function.
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lgamma lgammaf lgammal natural logarithm of the gamma function.
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ceil ceilf ceill nearest integer not less than the given value.
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floor floorf floorl nearest integer not greater than the given value.
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trunc truncf truncl nearest integer not greater in magnitude than the given value.
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round roundf roundl
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lround lroundf lroundl } nearest integer, rounding away from zero in halfway cases..
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llround llroundf llroundl
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nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nearest integer using current rounding mode.
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9) <complex>
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operator+
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operator- }applies unary operators to complex numbers.
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opeartor* performs complex number arithmetics on two complex values or a complex and a scalar.
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operator/
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operator==
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operator!= }compares two complex numbers or a complex and a scalar.
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operator>>
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opeartor<< }serializes and deserializes a complex number.
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real returns the real component.
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imag returns the imaginary component.
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abs returns the magnitude of a complex number.
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arg returns the phase angle.
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norm returns the squared magnitude.
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conj returns the complex conjugate.
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proj returns the projection onto the Riemann sphere.
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polar constructs a complex number from magnitude and phase angle.
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exp complex base e exponential.
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log complex natural logarithm with the branch cuts along the negative real axis.
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log10 complex common logarithm with the branch cuts along the negative real axis.
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pow complex power, one or both arguments may be a complex number.
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sqrt complex square root in the range of the right half-plane.
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sin cos tan computes sine, cosine and tangent respectively of a complex number.
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asin acos atan computes arc sine, arc cosine and arc tangent respectively of a complex number.
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sinh cosh tanh computes hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine and hyperbolic tangent respectively of a complex number.
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asinh acosh atanh computes area hyperbolic sine, area hyperbolic cosine and area hyperbolic tangent respectively of a complex number.
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operator""if
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operator""i } A std::complex literal representing pure imaginary number.
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operator""il
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